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維基百科，自由的百科全書
義屬東非
Africa Orientale Italiana
Talyaaniga Bariga Afrika
شرق افريقيا الايطالية‎
1936–1941
義屬東非國旗
國旗
義屬東非徽章
徽章
1936年的義屬東非 ::::   義屬東非 ::::   1940年征服（英語：Italian conquest of British Somaliland） ::::   意大利的其他殖民地 ::::   意大利
1936年的義屬東非
  義屬東非
  1940年征服（英語：Italian conquest of British Somaliland）
  意大利的其他殖民地
  意大利
地位意大利殖民地
首都亞的斯亞貝巴
常用語言意大利語
阿拉伯語
奧羅莫語
阿姆哈拉語
提格里尼亞語
索馬里語
提格雷語
埃塞俄比亞皇帝 
• 1936–1941
維托里奧·埃馬努埃萊三世
總督 
• 1936
彼得羅·巴多利奧
• 1936–1937
魯道夫·格拉齊亞尼
• 1937–1941
阿梅迪奧
• 1941
彼得羅·加澤拉
• 1941
古列爾莫·納西（英語：Guglielmo Nasi）
歷史時期戰間期 / 二戰
• 建立
19361月15日
• 終結
19417月1日
面積
1939年[1]1,725,000平方公里
人口
• 1939年[1]
12100000
貨幣義屬東非里拉（英語：Italian East African lira）
前身		 繼承
意屬厄立特里亞
義屬索馬里蘭
埃塞俄比亞帝國
埃塞俄比亞帝國
今屬於 吉布提
 厄立特里亞
 埃塞俄比亞
 索馬里

義屬東非（意大利語：Africa Orientale Italiana，AOI）是曾位於非洲之角的意大利殖民地，於1936年建立，由義屬索馬里蘭、義屬厄立特里亞和義屬埃塞俄比亞合併而成[2]。

在第二次世界大戰期間，義屬東非殖民地被英軍佔領[3]，戰後，義屬索馬里蘭和厄立特里亞被置於英國管治之下，而埃塞俄比亞則重獲國家獨立。1949年，義屬索馬里蘭改制為索馬里蘭託管地（英語：Trust Territory of Somaliland），由意大利統治至1960年。

領土

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1936年，義屬索馬里蘭、義屬厄立特里亞和義屬埃塞俄比亞合併為義屬東非殖民地。其中，埃塞俄比亞領地是意大利在第二次意大利埃塞俄比亞戰爭後吞併埃塞俄比亞帝國國土建立的[4]。意大利國王維托里奧·埃馬努埃萊三世隨後自封為埃塞俄比亞皇帝，但除德國和日本外未有國家承認。義屬東非領地被分為六個行省：厄立特里亞、索馬里蘭、阿馬拉、蓋拉-西達莫、肖亞和哈拉爾，每個行省由一個意大利總督管理，聽從義屬東非總督管理。

1940年，義軍征服英屬索馬里蘭，後將之併入義屬東非。但在一年後，英軍在東非戰役中擊潰了義屬東非的義軍，佔領其全境[4]。

歷史

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征服埃塞俄比亞

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1935年10月3日，意大利入侵埃塞俄比亞。和四十年前戰敗的第一次意大利埃塞俄比亞戰爭不同，義軍相比埃軍有着壓倒性的優勢，空軍尤甚，因而迅速奪取了勝利。埃皇海爾·塞拉西被迫丟下都城亞的斯亞貝巴乘機逃離，他的埃塞俄比亞皇帝頭銜也被意大利國王佔為己有[5]。意大利在埃塞俄比亞的勝利大大助長了首相墨索里尼的國際聲望，殖民地領袖們皆對其果斷行動大加讚美[6][7]。

關於意大利在1935年進攻埃塞俄比亞的動機，史學界還處於爭論之中。一些意大利歷史學家，如弗蘭科·卡塔拉諾和喬治·羅沙等，認為這次入侵出於「社會帝國主義」，系因為大蕭條嚴重打擊了墨索里尼政權的威望，墨氏希望用一次殖民戰爭轉移國內的注意力[8]。其他史學家，如彼得羅·帕斯托雷利認為這次入侵是意大利建立紅海-中東霸權企圖的一部分[8]。美國史學家麥格雷戈·諾克斯認為這次入侵的發動兼有內外因，皆為墨索里尼宏大擴張計劃的一部分，隨之帶來的外交威望可以幫助墨索里尼在國內推行更為激進的法西斯主義政策[8]。

Second World War and dissolution

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East Africa Campaign northern front: Allied advances in 1941.

On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France, which made Italian military forces in Libya a threat to Egypt and those in the Italian East Africa a danger to the British and French territories in the Horn of Africa. Italian belligerence also closed the Mediterranean to Allied merchant ships and endangered British supply routes along the coast of East Africa, the Gulf of Aden, Red Sea and the Suez Canal. (The Kingdom of Egypt remained neutral during World War II, but the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 allowed the British to occupy Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)[9] Egypt, the Suez Canal, French Somaliland and British Somaliland were also vulnerable to invasion, but the Comando Supremo (Italian General Staff) had planned for a war after 1942. In the summer of 1940, Italy was far from ready for a long war or for the occupation of large areas of Africa.[10]

Hostilities began on 13 June 1940, with an Italian air raid on the base of 1 Squadron Southern Rhodesian Air Force (237 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF) at Wajir in the East Africa Protectorate (Kenya). In August 1940, the protectorate of British Somaliland was occupied by Italian forces and absorbed into Italian East Africa. This occupation lasted around six months. By early 1941, Italian forces had been largely pushed back from Kenya and Sudan. On 6 April 1941, Addis Ababa was occupied by the 11th (African) Division, which received the surrender of the city.[11] The remnants of the Italian forces in the AOI surrendered after the Battle of Gondar in November 1941, except for groups that fought an Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia against the British until the Armistice of Cassibile (3 September 1943) ended hostilities between Italy and the Allies.[來源請求]

In January 1942, with the final official surrender of the Italians, the British, under American pressure, signed an interim Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement with Selassie, acknowledging Ethiopian sovereignty. Makonnen Endelkachew was named as Prime Minister and on 19 December 1944, the final Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement was signed. Eritrea was placed under British military administration for the duration, and in 1950, it became part of Ethiopia. After 1945, Britain controlled both Somalilands, as protectorates. In November 1949, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland under close supervision, on condition that Somalia achieve independence within ten years.[12] British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, the Trust Territory of Somalia (ex-Italian Somaliland) became independent on 1 July 1960 and the territories united as the Somali Republic.[13]

Colonial administration

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主條目：List of viceroys of Italian East Africa
Italian East African 100 lira banknote.
The Italian-era Ethiopian electric power corporation building, Addis Abeba.

The colony was administered by a Viceroy of Ethiopia and Governor General of Italian East Africa, appointed by the Italian monarch. The dominion was further divided for administrative purposes into six Governorates and forty Commissionerships.[來源請求]

Economic development

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Fascist colonial policy in Italian East Africa had a divide and conquer characteristic.

Map showing in red the new roads (like the "Imperial road", and those in construction in 1941) created by the Italians in Ethiopia and AOI

In order to weaken the Orthodox Christian Amhara people who had run Ethiopia in the past, territory claimed by Eritrean Tigray-Tigrinyas and Somalis was given to the Eritrea Governorate and Somalia Governorate.[14] Reconstruction efforts after the war in 1936 were partially focused on benefiting the Muslim peoples in the colony at the expense of the Amhara to strengthen support by Muslims for the Italian colony.[14]

Italy's Fascist regime encouraged Italian peasants to colonize Ethiopia by setting up farms and small manufacturing businesses.[14] However, few Italians came to the Ethiopian colony, with most going to Eritrea and Somalia. While Italian Eritrea enjoyed some degree of development, supported by nearly 80,000 Italian colonists,[15] by 1940 only 3,200 farmers had arrived in Ethiopia, less than ten percent of the Fascist regime's goal.[16] Continued insurgency by native Ethiopians, lack of natural resources, rough terrain, and uncertainty of political and military conditions discouraged development and settlement in the countryside.[16]

The Italians invested substantively in Ethiopian infrastructure development. They created the "imperial road" between Addis Abeba and Massaua, the Addis Abeba - Mogadishu and the Addis Abeba - Assab.[17] 900 km of railways were reconstructed or initiated (like the railway between Addis Abeba and Assab), dams and hydroelectric plants were built, and many public and private companies were established in the underdeveloped country. The most important were: "Compagnie per il cotone d'Etiopia" (Cotton industry); "Cementerie d'Etiopia" (Cement industry); "Compagnia etiopica mineraria" (Minerals industry); "Imprese elettriche d'Etiopia" (Electricity industry); "Compagnia etiopica degli esplosivi" (Armament industry); "Trasporti automobilistici (Citao)" (Mechanic & Transport industry).

Italians even created new airports and in 1936 started the worldwide famous Linea dell'Impero, a flight connecting Addis Abeba to Rome. The line was opened after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia and was followed by the first air links with the Italian colonies in Africa Orientale Italiana (Italian East Africa), which began in a pioneering way since 1934. The route was enlarged to 6,379 km and initially joined Rome with Addis Ababa via Syracuse, Benghazi, Cairo, Wadi Halfa, Khartoum, Kassala, Asmara, Dire Dawa.[18] There was a change of aircraft in Benghazi (or sometimes in Tripoli). The route was carried out in three and a half days of daytime flight and the frequency was four flights per week in both directions. Later from Addis Ababa there were three flights a week that continued to Mogadishu, capital of Italian Somalia.

The most important railway line in the African colonies of the Kingdom of Italy, the Djibouti-Addis Ababa long 784 km, was acquired following the conquest of the Ethiopian Empire by the Italians in 1936. The route was served until 1935 by steam trains that took about 36 hours to do the total trip between the capital of Ethiopia and the port of Djibouti. Following the Italian conquest was obtained in 1938 the increase of speed for the trains with the introduction of four railcars high capacity "type 038" derived from the model Fiat ALn56.[19]

These diesel trains were able to reach 70 km/h and so the time travel was cut in half to just 18 hours: they were used until the mid 1960s.[20] At the main stations there were some bus connections to the other cities of Italian Ethiopia not served by the railway.[21] Additionally, near the Addis Ababa station was created a special unit against fire, that was the only one in all Africa.[22]

However Ethiopia and Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI) proved to be extremely expensive to maintain, as the budget for the fiscal year 1936-37 had been set at 19.136 billion lira to create the necessary infrastructure for the colony.[14] At the time, Italy's entire yearly revenue was only 18.581 billion lira.[14]

The architects of the Fascist regime had drafted grandiose urbanistic projects for the enlargement of Addis Ababa, in order to build a state-of-the-art capital of the Africa Orientale Italiana, but these architectural plans -like all the other developments- were stopped by World War II.[23]

Demographics

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Administrative subdivision of Italian East Africa.

In 1939, there were 165,267 Italian citizens in the Italian East Africa, the majority of them concentrated around the main urban centres of Asmara, Addis Ababa and Mogadishu. The total population was estimated around 12.1 million, with a density of just over 6.9名居民每平方公里（18名居民每平方英里）. The distribution of population was, however, very uneven. Eritrea, with an area of 230,000 km2（90,000 sq mi）, had a population estimated in about 1.5 million, with a population density of 6.4/km2（16.7/sq mi）; Ethiopia with an area of 790,000 km2（305,000 sq mi） and a population of some 9.5 million, had a resulting density of 12/km2（31/sq mi）; sparsely populated Italian Somaliland finally, with an area of 700,000 km2（271,000 sq mi） and a population of just 1.1 million, had a very low density of 1.5/km2（4/sq mi）.[24]

English Italian Capital Total population[1] Italians[1] Tag Coat of Arms
Amhara Governorate Amara Gondar 2,000,000 11,103 AM
Eritrea Governorate Eritrea Asmara 1,500,000 72,408 ER
Harrar Governorate Harar Harrar 1,600,000 10,035 HA
Galla-Sidamo Governorate Galla e Sidama Jimma/Gimma 4,000,000 11,823 GS
Shewa Governorate Scioà Addis Abeba 1,850,000 40,698 SC
Somalia Governorate Somalia Mogadishu 1,150,000 19,200 SOM

Atrocities against the Ethiopian population

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In February 1937, following an assassination attempt on Italian East Africa's Viceroy, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, Italian soldiers raided the famous Ethiopian monastery Debre Libanos, where the plotters had taken refuge, and executed the monks and nuns.[14] Afterwards, Italian soldiers destroyed native settlements in Addis Ababa, which resulted in 30,000 Ethiopians being killed and their homes left burned to the ground.[14][25] The brutal massacre has come to be known as Yekatit 12.[來源請求]

After the massacres, Graziani became known as "the Butcher of Ethiopia".[26] He was subsequently removed by Mussolini and replaced by Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, who followed a more conciliatory policy towards the natives, obtaining a limited success in pacifying Ethiopia.[27]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Istat. I censimenti nell’Italia unita I censimenti nell’Italia unita Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI DEMOGRAFIA STORICA Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo (PDF). Annali di Statistica. XII. December 2010, 2: 263 [2013-12-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-08-03）. 
  2. ^ Italian East Africa. World Statesmen. [2015-11-09] （English）. 
  3. ^ Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, Thomas P. Ethiopia in World War II. A Country Study: Ethiopia. Library of Congress. [2014-01-11]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Ben-Ghiat, edited by Ruth; Fuller, Mia. Italian colonialism 1st pbk. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. ISBN 0230606369. 
  5. ^ Ethiopia 1935–36. icrc.org. 2008-01-08. （原始內容存檔於2006-12-01）. 
  6. ^ Baer, p. 279
  7. ^ Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940. [2015-05-24]. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Kallis, Aristotle Fascist Ideology, London: Routledge, 2000 page 124.
  9. ^ Playfair 1954，第6–7, 69頁.
  10. ^ Playfair 1954，第38–40頁.
  11. ^ Playfair 1954，第421–422頁.
  12. ^ Zolberg, Aguayo & Suhrke 1992，第106頁.
  13. ^ NEB 2002，第835頁.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Cannistraro, p. 5
  15. ^ Italian industries and companies in Eritrea 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-04-29.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Cannistraro, p. 6
  17. ^ 1940 Article on the special road Addis Abeba-Assab and map (in Italian) (PDF). [2011-09-22]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-04-02）. 
  18. ^ Treccani: Via dell'Impero (in Italian)
  19. ^ Fiat ALn56 "Littorina"
  20. ^ Image of a Fiat ALn56 in 1964 Addis Abeba station
  21. ^ Dire Dawa bus connection to Harrar
  22. ^ "Pompieri ad Addis Abeba" (in Italian)
  23. ^ Addis Abeba 1939 Urbanistic and Architectural Plan 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-07-22.
  24. ^ Royal Institute of International Affairs. Italian Possessions in Africa: II. Italian East Africa. Bulletin of International News. 1940-08-24, 17 (17): 1065–1074. 
  25. ^ Sarti, p. 191
  26. ^ Mockler, Anthony. 4. Haile Selassie's War. New York: Olive Branch. 2003. 
  27. ^ Knox, MacGregor. Mussolini unleashed, 1939-1941 : politics and strategy in fascist Italy's last war 1st pbk. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. 1986: 150. ISBN 9780521338356. 

Bibliography

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  • Antonicelli, Franco (1961) Trent'anni di storia italiana 1915 - 1945, Saggi series 295, Torino : Einaudi, 387 p. [in Italian]
  • Brioni, Simone and Shimelis Bonsa Gulema, eds. (2017) The Horn of Africa and Italy: Colonial, Postcolonial and Transnational Cultural Encounters, Oxford : Peter Lang, ISBN 978-1-78707-993-9
  • Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982) Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy, Westport, Conn.; London : Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-21317-8
  • Del Boca, Angelo (1986) Italiani in Africa Orientale: La caduta dell'Impero, Biblioteca universale Laterza 186, Roma : Laterza, ISBN 88-420-2810-X [in Italian]
  • Mockler, Anthony (1984). Haile Selassie's War: The Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935-1941, New York : Random House, ISBN 0-394-54222-3
  • Sarti, Roland (1974) The Ax Within: Italian fascism in action, New York : New Viewpoints, ISBN 0-531-06498-0
  • Mauri, Arnaldo (1967). Il mercato del credito in Etiopia, Milano, Giuffrè, pp. XVI, 504 [in Italian].
  • Calchi Novati, Gian Carlo (2011).L'Africa d'Italia, Carrocci, Roma. [in Italian]
  • Tuccimei, Ercole (1999). La Banca d'Italia in Africa, Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Laterza, Bari, ISBN 88-420-5686-3 [in Italian]
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Template:Italian colonial empire Template:Eritrea italiana (Colonia Primigenia) Template:Italian Ethiopia Template:Somalia italiana (Colonia)


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