第二次萨摩亚内战

第二次萨摩亚内战
	; 地图显示出美国与英国发生战斗的地点。
日期	1898–1899
地点	阿皮亚, 乌波卢, 萨摩亚, 太平洋
结果	协议妥协; 三方会议; 萨摩亚的分区; 美国取得美属萨摩亚; 德国取得德属萨摩亚; 英国以撤退交换萨摩亚的其他利益; 马塔阿法·约瑟福成为萨摩亚最高酋长;
参战方
萨摩亚支持国:; 英国 ; 美国	马塔阿法·约瑟福支持国:; 德意志帝国
指挥官与领导者
Prince Tanu; 阿尔伯特·考茨; 莱斯里·斯图尔特	马塔阿法·约瑟福
伤亡与损失
24人死伤	127人阵亡或受伤; 2座堡垒受损

第二次萨摩亚内战是在1898年，美国、德国与英国为了萨摩亚岛链的控制权而引发的冲突。战争结束在1899年三方会议之后，美国获得岛的东半部，德国取得岛的西半部，而英国获得其它原为德属的太平洋岛链。^[1]目前德属萨摩亚已经成为独立国家，美属萨摩亚则仍在美国政府的管辖下。^[2]^[3]^[4]

过程

国王马列托亚·劳佩帕（Malietoa Laupepa）在1898年去世，马塔阿法·约瑟福（Mata'afa Iosefo）从流放中归来并被萨摩亚酋长委员会选举为权力代表。作为回应，英国皇家海军和美国海军在登陆阿皮亚港，以支持劳佩帕的儿子马列托亚·塔努马菲利一世（Malietoa Tanumafili I）对抗德国支持的马塔阿法。

英美海军登陆阿皮亚后，占领了这座城市的大部分地区。马塔阿法部队在这里发动了进攻，因此在阿皮亚港的英美军舰开始轰炸这座城市周围的敌人阵地。轰炸结束后马塔阿法部队撤退到了瓦莱勒的要塞，美国和英国的军队开始进入茂密的丛林寻找马塔阿法的手下。^[5]

4月1日的第二次瓦莱勒战役中，英美远征队受挫，他们撤回到阿皮亚向他们的指挥官报告他们的伤亡情况。4月13日，英军向瓦莱莱以南推进。那天马塔阿法发动了进攻，但被击退。另一支英美远征队在瓦莱勒再次与马塔阿法部队战斗，叛军再次获胜。4月25日，在阿皮亚发生了第二场战斗，一小队萨摩亚人袭击了一支美国海军陆战队巡逻队，但被击退，没有造成任何人员伤亡。三国在1899年的三方会议中达成协议，分割萨摩亚群岛。西萨摩亚成为德国殖民地，其后独立成现今的萨摩亚国，东萨摩亚成为美国属地直至现今，内战结束。^[6]

画廊

蒂沃利饭店在1896年阿皮亚战役时作为美军的指挥所。
美国海军陆战队和海军舰炮,1899年。
萨摩亚战士和美军，1899年3月阿皮亚之围。
德国升旗典礼，纪念德属萨摩亚在1900年建立。
萨摩亚、美国和英国人在Mulinuu Peninsula竖立纪念碑, 1902年。
Mata'afa Iosefo 与其追随者, 1902。

另见

参考文献

^ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900
^ Lawrence, David Russell. Chapter 5 Liberalism, Imperialism and colonial expansion (PDF). The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. October 2014: 168 [2022-01-01]. ISBN 9781925022032. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-02-14）.
^ Mains, P. John; McCarty, Louis Philippe (1906). The Statistician and Economist: Volume 23. pg. 249
^ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900
^ Mains, pg. 24
^ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900

[1] Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900

[BRL5-2] Lawrence, David Russell. Chapter 5 Liberalism, Imperialism and colonial expansion (PDF). The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. October 2014: 168 [2022-01-01]. ISBN 9781925022032. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-02-14）.

[3] Mains, P. John; McCarty, Louis Philippe (1906). The Statistician and Economist: Volume 23. pg. 249

[autogenerated574-4] Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900

[5] Mains, pg. 24

[autogenerated5742-6] Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900

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