被剥夺奥林匹克运动会奖牌列表
此列表列出被剥夺的奥林匹克运动会奖牌。国际奥林匹克委员会（IOC）管理机构会对违反奥林匹克运动会规定的运动员进行处理。IOC可以剥夺奥运奖牌并要求他们归还。
纪录
[编辑]在奥运会若有运动员违规，国际奥委会可以剥夺原奖牌得主的奖牌。在团体赛的情形下，国际奥委会可以根据团体中一个运动员的违规行为追回该团体的奖牌。在下表中，对于被剥夺的团体赛奖牌，违规的运动员会被显示在括号内。每项奥林匹克运动会项目的各单项总会也可以剥夺违规运动员的的奖牌。
1968年10月至2022年3月间，共有154面奖牌被剥夺，其中9面奖牌在被剥夺奖牌后空缺。由于改进的药物检测，其中绝大多数是自2000年以来方法而被剥夺奖牌的。
大部分被剥夺的奖牌为田径（52面，包括20面金牌）和举重（51面，包括15面金牌）。被剥夺最多奖牌的国家为俄罗斯占47面，是第二名的四倍，占总数的30％以上，而后苏联国家占总数60％以上。
除了三枚剥夺的奖牌之外，都是涉及禁药和药物测试的违规行为。1992年代表独联体的易卜拉欣·萨马多夫因为“将铜牌扔到地上”并“在颁奖仪式中离去”之后，被剥夺了他的铜牌。[1]阿拉·阿布拉哈米安在2008年也因为类似行为而被摘除他的铜牌。[2]中国体操队女子团体在2000年获得的铜牌因为发现有成员在当时未达最小参赛年龄在2010年被取消。
被剥夺的奥运会奖牌列表
[编辑]- 以下表示被剥夺的奖牌得主。
- (X) 奖牌空缺。
- (Y) 尚未宣布奖牌递补或空缺。
- (Z) 非禁药违规，其余皆涉及禁药违规。
注记:
被剥夺的奥运会奖牌之后恢复者列表
[编辑]以下是国际奥委会剥夺奥运奖牌，后来恢复奖牌的列表。
各国被剥夺奖牌数列表
[编辑]共有37个奥运代表团。
| 各国被剥夺奖牌数列表 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 国家 | 
|
|
|
总计 |
 俄罗斯（RUS）
|
13 | 20 | 11 | 44 |
 乌克兰（UKR）
|
2 | 4 | 5 | 11 |
 白俄罗斯（BLR）
|
2 | 3 | 6 | 11 |
 哈萨克斯坦（KAZ）
|
6 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
 美国（USA）
|
5 | 1 | 3 | 9 |
 保加利亚（BUL）
|
4 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
 土耳其（TUR）
|
1 | 4 | 0 | 5 |
 中国（CHN）
|
3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
 西班牙（ESP）
|
3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
 匈牙利（HUN）
|
2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
 乌兹别克斯坦（UZB）
|
2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
 罗马尼亚（ROM）
|
1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
 德国（GER）
|
2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
 英国（GBR）
|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
 瑞典（SWE）
|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
 亚美尼亚（ARM）
|
0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
 摩尔多瓦（MDA）
|
0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
 阿塞拜疆（AZE）
|
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
 朝鲜（PRK）
|
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
 希腊（GRE）
|
0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
 巴林（BRN）
|
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 加拿大（CAN）
|
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 爱尔兰（IRL）
|
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 牙买加（JAM）
|
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 波兰（POL）
|
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 古巴（CUB）
|
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 芬兰（FIN）
|
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 格鲁吉亚（GEO）
|
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 意大利（ITA）
|
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 立陶宛（LTU）
|
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 蒙古（MGL）
|
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 吉尔吉斯斯坦（KGZ）
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 荷兰（NED）
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 挪威（NOR）
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 俄罗斯奥林匹克运动员（OAR）
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 苏联（URS）
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 独联体（EUN）
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 总计 | 51 | 50 | 54 | 155 |
以性别分类
[编辑]| 以性别分类 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 性别 |
|
|
|
总计 | 比例 |
| 男性 | 30 | 24 | 29 | 83 | 54% |
| 女性 | 21 | 26 | 24 | 71 | 46% |
| 总计 | 51 | 50 | 53 | 154 | 100% |
以项目分类
[编辑]共有19种项目。13种夏季奥运项目，6种冬季奥运项目。
| 以项目分类 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 项目 |
|
|
|
总计 |
| 田径 | 20 | 19 | 13 | 52 |
| 举重 | 15 | 14 | 22 | 51 |
| 摔跤 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 13 |
| 越野滑雪 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
| 脚车 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 体操 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 马术 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 冬季两项 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 雪车 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 皮划艇 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 柔道 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 射击 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 现代五项 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 游泳 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 拳击 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 高山滑雪 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 冰壶 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 自由式滑雪 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 赛艇 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 总计 | 51 | 50 | 54 | 155 |
另见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Bondy, Filip. BARCELONA: Weight Lifting; Medalist's Ban Is A Tangled Tale. New York Times. 1992-08-03 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-02）.
- ^ Longman, Jere. Swede Stripped of His Medal After His Angry Reaction. New York Times. 2008-08-17 [2017-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）.
- ^ The Olympics Most Wanted （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Floyd Conner. 2001.
- ^ Black Belt magazine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） January 1973
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Historical Dictionary of Cycling （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By Bill Mallon, Jeroen Heijmans. Scarecrow Press. 2011. p. xxiv
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
DeMont的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Temple, Wick. "Russian star stripped of medal after use of drug" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Day. February 9, 1976.
- ^ Valentin Khristov Bio, Stats, and Results. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-04）.
- ^ Blagoy Blagoev Bio, Stats, and Results. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-19）.
- ^ Zbigniew Kaczmarek Bio, Stats, and Results. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-18）.
- ^ SPORTS PEOPLE; Finn Admits Drug Use. The New York Times. 1985-07-10.
- ^ Associated Press. Swede Loses Silver For Using Steroids. The New York Times. 1984-08-06 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-28）.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Johnson, William Oscar; Moore, Kenny. The Loser. Sports Illustrated. 1988-10-03 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23）.
- ^ 1988: Johnson stripped of Olympic gold. BBC News. 1988-09-27 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-02）.
- ^ THE SEOUL OLYMPICS; Weight Lifter Used Drug. The New York Times. 1988-09-29.
- ^ sports-reference.com. Judo at the 1988 Seoul Summer Games: Men's Lightweight. Sports Reference LLC. 1988-09-27. （原始内容存档于2020-04-18）.
- ^ Bondy, Filip. BARCELONA: Weight Lifting; Medalist's Ban Is A Tangled Tale. The New York Times. 1992-08-03 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-16）.
- ^ CNNSI.com. More busts. CNN. 2000-09-30. （原始内容存档于2001-06-22）.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Bulgarian lifters sent home. BBC News. 2000-09-22 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-28）.
- ^ China 'pained' by loss of medal. BBC News. 2010-04-29 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-08）.
- ^ Wrestler Leipold given ban. BBC News. 2000-11-03 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-11）.
- ^ PLUS: GYMNASTICS; Romanian Loses Gold-Medal Appeal. The New York Times. 2000-12-13 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-05）.
- ^ Associated Press. IOC strips Jones of all 5 Olympic medals. MSNBC.com. 2007-12-12 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-18）.
- ^ Wayback Machine (PDF). 2011-07-28 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-28）.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Associated Press. Muehlegg, Lazutina test positive, stripped of golds. ESPN.com. 2002-02-24 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-24）.
- ^ Drugs test denies Lazutina gold. BBC News. 2002-02-24 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-25）.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Lazutina loses Olympic medals. BBC News. 2003-06-29 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Danilova, Muehlegg stripped of Olympic golds. USA Today. 2003-12-18 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2008-09-25）.
- ^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Four Athens competitors stripped of medals. Al Jazeera. 2012-12-05 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-09）.
- ^ Germany stripped of show jumping gold. CBC News. 2005-01-08 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-24）.
- ^ Greek weightlifter stripped of bronze. The Guardian (London). 2004-08-22 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.
- ^ Hammer throw champ's gold taken. USA Today. 2004-08-29 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-11）.
- ^ Associated Press. Gold medalist stripped after test tampering. ESPN.com. 2004-08-24 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）.
- ^ Associated Press. Positive drug tests lead to another stripped medal, expulsion. USAToday.com. 2004-08-28 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-02-11）.
- ^ O'Connor loses Olympic gold medal. RTÉ News. 2005-03-27 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-12）.
- ^ Shot-put champion will lose gold. CNN. 2004-08-22 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-15）.
- ^ Russian weightlifter, Oleg Perepetchenov, stripped of Athens bronze medal. Reuters. 2013-02-12.[失效链接]
- ^ Associated Press. Ukrainian rowers stripped of bronze for drug violation; Hungarian weightlifter expelled. The China Post. 2004-08-27. （原始内容存档于2008-09-25）.
- ^ US cyclist Tyler Hamilton stripped of Athens gold for doping. BBC. 2012-08-10 [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-13）.
- ^ Associated Press. Russian Woman Stripped of Biathlon Medal. NBCSports.com. 2006-02-16 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-19）.
- ^ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 IOC sanctions six athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008. International Olympic Committee. 2016-08-31 [2016-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-03）.
- ^ 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.03 42.04 42.05 42.06 42.07 42.08 42.09 IOC sanctions 16 athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008. International Olympic Committee. 2016-11-17 [2016-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-11）.
- ^ Wilson, Stephen. Ramzi stripped of Olympic 1,500-meter gold medal. Associated Press. 2009-11-18 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-19）.
- ^ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 IOC sanctions seven athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008 and London 2012. International Olympic Committee. 2016-11-25 [2016-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.
- ^ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 "9 Olympians, including 6 medallists, caught for Beijing doping" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. cbc.ca. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ^ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 IOC sanctions nine athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008. International Olympic Committee. 2016-10-26 [2016-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-26）.
- ^ Medal received after six years. Reuters. 2014-08-22 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-11）.
- ^ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 IOC sanctions eight athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008 and London 2012. International Olympic Committee. 2017-01-12 [2017-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-13）.
- ^ IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008. 2017-01-24 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-21）.
- ^ Young, Chris. Young: Olympians lose medals after retroactive doping test. Toronto Star. 2009-11-19 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-22）.
- ^ 51.0 51.1 51.2 IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008. International Olympic Committee. 2017-01-25 [2017-01-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-25）.
- ^ 52.0 52.1 Two more athletes fail dope tests. BBC Sport. 2008-08-15 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2008-09-09）.
- ^ Scott, Matt. Olympics: Korean double medallist expelled for drug use. The Guardian. 2008-08-15 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-12）.
- ^ Norwegian stripped of Olympic equestrian bronze Archive.is的存档，存档日期2012-12-17 December 22, 2008. USA Today.
- ^ IOC sanctions Yulia Chermoshanskaya for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008. 2017-01-25 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-05）.
- ^ 56.0 56.1 IOC sanctions four athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008 and London 2012. International Olympic Committee. 2016-09-13 [2016-09-13]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-23）.
- ^ IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008. International Olympic Committee. 2016-08-19 [2016-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-20）.
- ^ "Russian Chicherova stripped of 2008 Olympics high jump medal" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. reuters.com. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ IOC sanctions Anna Chicherova for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008. 2017-01-25 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-03）.
- ^ IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008 and London 2012. 2017-05-18 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-23）.
- ^ Longman, Jeré. Swede Stripped of His Medal After His Angry Reaction. The New York Times. 2008-08-17 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）.
- ^ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Turkish duo Bulut and Abeylegesse to officially be stripped of medals. [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-07）.
- ^ IOC sanctions Turkish weightlifter for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008. IOC. 2016-07-22 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-05）.
- ^ Associated Press. Ukrainian Blonska stripped of silver medal in heptathlon. ESPN.com. 2008-08-22 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）.
- ^ 65.0 65.1 65.2 IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008 and London 2012. 2017-05-29 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-20）.
- ^ IOC sanctions one athlete for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008. 2017-05-30 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-19）.
- ^ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 67.5 67.6 67.7 67.8 IOC sanctions 12 athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012. International Olympic Committee. 2016-11-21 [2016-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-21）.
- ^ IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping tests at London 2012 - Olympic News. International Olympic Committee. 2019-03-29 [2019-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26） （英语）.
- ^ IOC withdraws gold medal from shot put athlete Nadzeya Ostapchuk - Olympic News. 2016-07-21 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）.
- ^ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 Payne, Marissa. "Four Olympic weightlifters stripped of medals from London 2012" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. washingtonpost.com. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ^ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 IOC sanctions eight athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012. International Olympic Committee. 2016-10-27 [2016-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-24）.
- ^ 存档副本. [2020-03-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-21）.
- ^ IOC sanctions one athlete for failing anti-doping tests at London 2012 - Olympic News. International Olympic Committee. 2019-06-12 [2019-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-20） （英语）.
- ^ London 2012 50km walk men - Olympic Athletics. 2017-06-03 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-09）.
- ^ Lashmanova stripped of Olympic and world titles. [2022-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-27）.
- ^ 76.0 76.1 存档副本 (PDF). [2020-03-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-02-01）.
- ^ IOC sanctions Tatyana Lysenko for failing anti-doping test at London 2012. 2017-01-25 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-23）.
- ^ Mariya Savinova: Russian London 2012 gold medallist stripped of title. 2017-02-10 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-20） –通过www.bbc.com.
- ^ The decisions of the Lausanne (Switzerland) Court of Arbitration for Sport regarding the Russian Athletes. 2016-03-16. （原始内容存档于2016-06-25）.
- ^ IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012. International Olympic Committee. 2016-10-18 [2016-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
- ^ London 2012 20km race walk women - Olympic Athletics. 2017-06-03 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-23）.
- ^ "IOC sanctions Evgeniia Kolodko for failing anti-doping test at London 2012" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. olympic.org. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
- ^ Russia's Pishchalnikova given 10-year doping ban. Reuters. 2013-05-01 [2013-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-02）.
- ^ IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008. 2017-01-25 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-20）.
- ^ Sean, Ingle. Jessica Ennis-Hill in line for 2011 gold as Chernova is stripped of world title. The Guardian. 2016-11-29 [2017-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-29）.
- ^ Women’s 2012 1500-Meter Olympic Champion Stripped of Gold Medal. Runner's World. [2015-11-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-21）.
- ^ IOC strips U.S. of 2012 relay medal after Tyson Gay doping case. Espn. 2015-05-19 [2015-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-19）.
- ^ IOC sanctions one athlete for failing anti-doping tests at London 2012 - Olympic News. International Olympic Committee. 2019-12-19 [2019-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16） （英语）.
- ^ IOC sanctions four athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008 and London 2012. 2017-01-24 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）.
- ^ IOC sanctions Ukrainian weightlifter Yulia Kalina for failing anti-doping test at London 2012. 2017-01-25 [2017-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-28）.
- ^ IOC sanctions one athlete for failing anti-doping tests at London 2012 - Olympic News. International Olympic Committee. 2019-07-23 [2019-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-23） （英语）.
- ^ Doping-IOC strips Uzbek wrestler of Olympic bronze. Reuters. 2012-11-07 [2012-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-02）.
- ^ IOC sanctions four Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings. International Olympic Committee. 2017-11-24 [2017-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-24） （英语）.
- ^ 94.0 94.1 IOC sanctions five Russian athletes and publishes first full decision as part of the Oswald Commission findings. International Olympic Committee. 2017-11-27 [2017-11-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-27） （英语）.
- ^ Russian bobsledder banned over doping. France 24. 2017-12-18 [2017-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-19）.
- ^ Russia's Evgeny Ustyugov stripped of Sochi 2014 gold medal for doping. BBC Sport. 2020-02-15 [2020-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-25） （英国英语）.
- ^ Kazakh stripped of Rio gold and banned. BBC Sport. [2022-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-04） （英国英语）.
- ^ Rio Olympics 2016: Izzat Artykov stripped of weightlifting bronze. BBC News. 2016-08-18 [2016-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-19）.
- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2017-11-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-09-09）.
- ^ 100.0 100.1 "CAS to strip Olympic medals from Russian boxer, Romanian weightlifter" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. espn.com. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2020-01-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-02-27）.
- ^ Decision rendered by the CAS ADD - Chijindu Ujah (Athletics) (PDF). 国际体育仲裁法庭. 2022-02-18 [2022-02-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-02-19）.
- ^ Graves, Will. Romanian gymnast could replace Jordan Chiles as bronze medalist in floor exercise after court ruling. The Associated Press. 2024-08-10.
- ^ 104.0 104.1 "Jim Thorpe's Family Feud," （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The New York Times, February 7, 1983, Retrieved April 23, 2007.
- ^ Ingemar Johansson: Boxer who beat Floyd Patterson to win the world heavyweight title （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） February 3, 2009. The Independent
- ^ Culture on Ice: Figure Skating & Cultural Meaning （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By Ellyn Kestnbaum. p. 77
- ^ Clarey, Christopher. Canadian Gets His Gold Medal Back. The New York Times. 1998-02-13: C2.
- ^ 108.0 108.1 Associated Press. Marion Jones' teammates win back stripped Olympic medals. USA Today. 2010-07-17 [2017-11-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-31）.
- ^ IOC to return cyclist's Olympic medal. CBC Sports (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). 2005-10-27 [2017-11-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-24）.
- ^ 110.0 110.1 Hammer blow repaired. The Times of London. 2010-06-11: 93.
- ^ 111.0 111.1 111.2 111.3 111.4 111.5 111.6 111.7 111.8 The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) delivers its decisions in the matter of 39 Russian athletes v/ the IOC:28 appeals upheld, 11 partially upheld (PDF). Court of Arbitration for Sport. 2018-02-01 [2018-02-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-02-01） （英语）.
- ^ https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/CAS_Media_Release_5434_5435_5444.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [裸网址]
- ^ IOC Decision - Swedish ice hockey player Nicklas Backstrom to receive Sochi silver medal.. IOC. 2014-03-14 [2014-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-15）.
