语言相对论
（重定向自沙皮亞-沃爾福假設）
 | 此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 |
 | 此条目需要精通或熟悉相关主题的编者参与及协助编辑。 |
语言相对论（英语：linguistic relativity），有时也被称为萨丕尔-沃夫假说（英语：Sapir–Whorf hypothesis）认为语言结构影响其使用者的世界观或认知，因此人类的感知与思考模式与其所使用的语言相关。
该理论首先由语言学家兼人类学家爱德华·萨丕尔（Edward Sapir）及其学生本杰明·李·沃夫所提出，是一门关于人类语言的心理学、语言学假说。这项学说认为，人类的思考模式受到其使用语言的影响，因而对同一事物时可能会有不同的看法，不过这项学说引起了一些争议，也招致了一些批评。基于以上争议，后来产生不同的修正版本：其一于二次大战前提出语言决定思想为强势版本；其二于近代提倡，认为语言结构仅影响认知的温和版本，介绍如下[1]：
- 语言相对论的强势版本，又称为语言决定论，提出语言决定思考模式，故语言结构限制并决定其认知结构，此一版本已于现代普遍被认为是不正确的论述。[2]
- 语言相对论的温和版本，认为语言结构及使用可能影响思考模式及决策方式。该版本较受到相关实证研究结果的分析认可。[3]
萨丕尔-沃夫假说一称通常被认为是错误的，原因是两位学者并未曾合著研究或以假说的形式陈述其论点。以上版本的区别也是由后续学者延伸发展。[4][5]
语言决定论认为语言决定思考模式，不同语系的语言看待世界的方式都不一样，也就呈现了各种语言彼此间的相对性，所以任何民族的语言都与其文化和生活环境的需要一起成长和改变。
历史
[编辑]语言相对论的概念首先由19世纪的两位德国思想家，威廉·冯·洪堡以及约翰·戈特弗里德·赫尔德所提出，认为语言作为表现国家精神的方式。20世纪初两位美国人类学家法兰兹·鲍亚士与爱德华·萨丕尔也于1928年的美国语言学会[6]支持这样的概念，萨丕尔尤其反对语言决定论观点。
萨丕尔的学生，本杰明·李·沃夫，在他发表语言差异影响人类认知与行为的相关观察后，成为假说的主要之支持者。萨丕尔另一位学生，哈利·霍耶，引入萨丕尔-沃夫假说[7]，尽管两位学者从未正式推广类似的理论。[8]其中，强势版本于1920年代由德国语言学家魏斯格贝尔持续发展。经罗杰·布朗和埃里克·勒纳伯格进行了实验，为了探究不同语言使用者，是否在辨别颜色程度上有所不同，使得沃夫的语言相对论成为可测试的假设。
其他领域
[编辑]在流行文化中
[编辑]姜峯楠的短篇小说《你一生的故事》（英文：Story of Your Life）提到了萨丕尔-沃夫假说；[来源请求]2016年美国电影《降临》根据《你一生的故事》改编上映。
参考文献
[编辑]- Andrews, David, The Russian color categories sinij and goluboj: An experimental analysis of their interpretation in the standard and emigré languages, Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 1994, 2: 9–28
- Athanasopoulos, Panos, Cognitive representation of colour in bilinguals: The case of Greek blues, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2009, 12 (1): 83–95, doi:10.1017/S136672890800388X
- Berlin, Brent & Paul Kay, Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969
- Boroditsky, Lera, Wendy Ham & Michael Ramscar, What is universal in event perception? Comparing English & Indonesian speakers, W. D. Gray & C. D. Schunn (编), Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002
- Brown, R. & Eric Lenneberg, A study in language and cognition, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1954, 49 (3): 454–462, doi:10.1037/h0057814
- Brown, R., In Memorial Tribute to Eric Lenneberg, Cognition, 1976, 4 (2): 125–153, doi:10.1016/0010-0277(76)90001-9
- Casasanto, Daniel, Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Whorf? Crosslinguistic Differences in Temporal Language and Thought, Language Learning, 2008, 58 (1): 79, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00462.x
- Cook, Vivian & Benedetta Bassetti, Language and Bilingual Cognition, Hove: Psychology Press, 2010
- Dinwoodie, David W., Time and the Individual in Native North America, Sergei Kan; Pauline Turner Strong; Raymond Fogelson (编), New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, And Representations, U of Nebraska, 2006
- Drivonikou, G. V., P. Kay,T. Regier, R. B. Ivry, A. L. Gilbert, A. Franklin & I. R. L. Davies, Further evidence that Whorfian effects are stronger in the right visual field than the left, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, 104 (3): 1097–1102, PMC 1783370
, PMID 17213312, doi:10.1073/pnas.0610132104 - Everett, Caleb, Linguistic Relativity: Evidence Across Languages and Cognitive Domains, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2013
- Fishman, Joshua A., Positive bilingualism: Some overlooked rationales and forefathers, J. E. Alatis (Ed.) (编), International dimensions of bilingual education, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press: 42–52., 1978
- Fishman, Joshua A., Whorfianism of the third kind: Ethnolinguistic diversity as a worldwide societal asset, Language in Society, 1982, 11: 1–14, doi:10.1017/S0047404500009015
- Gilbert, Aubrey L., Terry Regier, Paul Kay & Richard B. Ivry, Support for lateralization of the Whorf effect beyond the realm of color discrimination (PDF), Brain and Language, 2008, 105 (2): 91–98 [2013-09-21], PMID 17628656, doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.06.001, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-25）
- Graham, Paul, Beating the Averages, Essays, April 2003 [2009-05-15], （原始内容存档于2013-06-26）
- Gumperz, John; Levinson, Stephen (编), Rethinking Linguistic Relativity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996
- Hill, Jane H & Bruce Mannheim, Language and World view, Annual Review of Anthropology, 1992, 21: 381–406, doi:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002121
- Hoijer, Harry (编), Language in culture: Conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954
- Lakoff, George, Women, fire, and dangerous things, University Of Chicago Press, 1987
- Leavitt, John, Linguistic Relativities: Language Diversity and Modern Thought, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76782-8
- Lee, Penny, The Whorf Theory Complex — A Critical Reconstruction, John Benjamins, 1996
- Lenneberg, Eric; A. M. Brown, The Language of Experience: a Study in Methodology, Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics (Baltimore: Waverly Press), 1956
- Lenneberg, Eric, Cognition in Ethnolinguistics, Language (Linguistic Society of America), 1953, 29 (4): 463–471, JSTOR 409956, doi:10.2307/409956
- Levinson, Stephen C., Language and Space, Annual review of Anthropology, 1996, 25: 353–82, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.353
- Levinson, Stephen C., Yeli Dnye and the Theory of Basic Color Terms, Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 2000, 10 (1): 3–55, doi:10.1525/jlin.2000.10.1.3
- Levinson, Stephen C, Foreword, Carroll, John B; Levinson, Stephen C; Lee, Penny (编), Language, Thought and Reality 2nd, Cambridge, Mass/London, UK: MIT Press: vii–xxiii, 2012, ISBN 978-0-262-51775-1
- Lucy, John A., Grammatical Categories and Cognition: A Case Study of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992a
- Lucy, John A., Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992b
- Lucy, John A., Linguistic Relativity, Annual Review of Anthropology, 1997, 26: 291–312, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.291
- Lucy, John A., The Scope of Linguistic Relativity:An analysis of Empirical Research, Gumperz, John; Levinson, Stephen (编), Rethinking Linguistic Relativity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 37–69, 1996
- Lucy, J. A. & Wertsch, J., Vygotsky and Whorf: A comparative analysis, M. Hickmann (编), Social and functional approaches to language and thought, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.: 67–86, 1987
- Malotki, Ekkehart, Werner Winter , 编, Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers), 1983, 20
- Niemeier, Susanne & René Dirven (eds), Evidence for linguistic relativity, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000, ISBN 978-90-272-3705-7
- Pavlenko, Aneta, New approaches to concepts in bilingual memory, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1999, 2 (3): 209–230, doi:10.1017/S1366728999000322
- Phillips, Webb, & Lera Boroditsky, Can quirks of grammar affect the way you think? Grammatical gender and object concepts, R. Alterman & D. Kirsh (编), Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Boston: Cognitive Science Society, 2003
- Pinker, Steven, The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language, Perennial, 1994
- Pullum, Geoffrey, The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language (PDF), Chicaco University Press, 1991 [2013-09-21], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-10-02）
- Pula, R, The Nietzche-Korzybski-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?, ETC Review of General Semantics, 1992, 49 (1): 50–57
- Pütz, Martin; Verspoor, Marjolyn (编), Explorations in linguistic relativity, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000, ISBN 978-90-272-3706-4
- Sapir, Edward, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech, Harcourt, Brace, 1921
- Sapir, Edward, David G. Mandelbaum , 编, Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality, University of California Press, 1983
- Schultz, Emily Ann, Dialogue at the Margins: Whorf, Bakhtin, and Linguistic Relativity, University of Wisconsin Press, 1990
- Seidner, Stanley S., Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective, Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguismePress, 1982
- Seuren, Pieter A. M., Western linguistics: An historical introduction, Wiley-blackwell, 1998, ISBN 0-631-20891-7
- Trager, George L., The Systematization of the Whorf Hypothesis, Anthropological Linguistics (Operational Models in Synchronic Linguistics: A Symposium Presented at the 1958 Meetings of the American Anthropological Association), 1959, 1 (1): 31–35
- Whorf, Benjamin, John B. Carroll (ed.) , 编, Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, MIT Press, 1956
- Wolff, K. J.; Holmes, Linguistic relativity, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science (PDF) (2): 253–265, 2011 [2013-09-21], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-07-18）
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Deutscher, Guy, Does Your Language Shape How You Think?, New York Times Magazine, Aug 26, 2010, 26 August 2010 [2012-12-23], （原始内容存档于2021-02-11）
- Deutscher, Guy, Through the Language Glass: Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages, Arrow Books, 2011 [2012-12-23], ISBN 978-0-09-950557-0, （原始内容存档于2017-07-11）
- Everett, Dan, Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language (PDF), Current Anthropology, 2005, 46 (4) [2012-12-23], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-05-15）
- Kay, Paul & Willet Kempton, What is the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis?, American Anthropologist, 1984, 86 (1): 65–79, doi:10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050
- Kay, Paul & Chad K. McDaniel, The Linguistic Significance of Meanings of Basic Color Terms, Language (Linguistic Society of America), 1978, 54 (3): 610–646, JSTOR 412789, doi:10.2307/412789
- O'Neill, Sean, Cultural Contact and Linguistic Relativity Among the Indians of Northwestern California, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8061-3922-6
参阅
[编辑]外部链接
[编辑]- Babies think before they speak says Harvard professor
- The Great Whorf Hypothesis Hoax by Dan Moonhawk Alford （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- How Does Our Language Shape The Way We Think? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Effects of grammatical gender on human thought
- ^ Boroditsky, Lera; Liberman, Mark. For and Against Linguistic Relativity. The Economist (The Economist Newspaper Limited). 13–23 December 2010 [19 September 2019]. （原始内容存档于15 February 2012）. (a debate between university professors)
- ^ Ahearn, Laura M. Living language : an introduction to linguistic anthropology. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. 2012: 69. ISBN 978-1-4443-4056-3. OCLC 729731177.
- ^ Ottenheimer, Harriet. The anthropology of language : an introduction to linguistic anthropology 2nd. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 2009: 33–34. ISBN 978-0-495-50884-7. OCLC 216940204.
- ^ Koerner, E. F. Konrad. The Sapir‐Whorf Hypothesis: A Preliminary History and a Bibliographical Essay. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 1992-12, 2 (2) [2024-01-21]. ISSN 1055-1360. doi:10.1525/jlin.1992.2.2.173. （原始内容存档于2024-03-08） （英语）.
- ^ Kennison, Shelia M. Introduction to language development. Introduction to language development. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4129-9606-8.
- ^ Koerner, E. F. Konrad. The Sapir‐Whorf Hypothesis: A Preliminary History and a Bibliographical Essay. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 1992-12, 2 (2) [2024-01-21]. ISSN 1055-1360. doi:10.1525/jlin.1992.2.2.173. （原始内容存档于2024-03-08） （英语）.
- ^ Warnock, G. J. Language in Culture: Conference on the inter-relations of Language and other aspects of Culture. Edited by Harry Hoijer. (University of Chicago Press. 1954.). Philosophy. 1956-07, 31 (118). ISSN 0031-8191. doi:10.1017/s0031819100057491.
- ^ Hill, Jane H.; Mannheim, Bruce. Language and World View. Annual Review of Anthropology. 1992-10, 21 (1) [2024-01-21]. ISSN 0084-6570. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002121. （原始内容存档于2022-01-21） （英语）.