伊朗崇高國
伊朗崇高國 دولت علیّه ایران Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irân | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1789年—1925年 | |||||||||||||||
| 國歌：(1873–1909) 《國王康寧》 سلامتی شاه (1909–1925) 《崇高的波斯王國》 سلامتی دولت علیه ایران | |||||||||||||||
.svg) 19世紀的卡扎爾王朝 | |||||||||||||||
| 地位 | 王朝/主權國家 | ||||||||||||||
| 首都 | 德黑蘭 | ||||||||||||||
| 常用語言 | 波斯語 (宮廷文學、行政、文化、官員),[1][2] 突厥語 (宮廷語與母語)[3] | ||||||||||||||
| 政府 | 君主專制 （1789–1906） 君主立憲制 (1906–1925) | ||||||||||||||
| 沙阿、殿下 | |||||||||||||||
• 1789–1797 | 阿迦·穆罕默德·汗 （首任） | ||||||||||||||
• 1909–1925 | 艾哈邁德沙阿 （末任） | ||||||||||||||
| 伊朗首相 | |||||||||||||||
• 1906年 | 米爾扎·納斯魯拉汗 (首任) | ||||||||||||||
• 1923年–1925年 | 李查·巴勒維 (末任) | ||||||||||||||
| 歷史 | |||||||||||||||
• 卡扎爾王朝開始 | 1789年 | ||||||||||||||
• 古利斯坦條約 | 1813年 | ||||||||||||||
• 土庫曼恰伊條約 | 1828年 | ||||||||||||||
• 波斯立憲革命 | 1906年 | ||||||||||||||
• 巴勒維王朝開始 | 1925年 | ||||||||||||||
| 貨幣 | 土曼 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| 今屬於 | |||||||||||||||
.svg){kind=small}
.svg)
伊朗崇高國（波斯語：دولت علیّه اوران Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irân）是伊朗卡扎爾王朝統治時期的正式國號[4]，這一時代亦有史稱愷加波斯[5]、愷加帝國（波斯語：شاهنشاهی قاجار Šāhanšāhi-ye Qājār），由阿迦·穆罕默德汗沙阿所建立。
歷史
[編輯]卡扎爾王朝來自一支名為愷加的突厥部落[6][7][8][9][10]。1794年，突厥人的卡札爾族支控制伊朗全境政局，廢黜桑德王朝末代沙阿盧圖夫·阿里汗，並重新確立了伊朗對高加索大部分地區的主權。1796年，阿迦·穆罕默德·汗·卡扎爾攻佔馬什哈德[11]，正式結束了阿夫沙爾王朝，隨後加冕為沙阿[12]。
19世紀，波斯遭遇俄國侵略，將大片高加索地區的領土割讓予俄國[13]，包括今日的喬治亞東部、達吉斯坦、亞塞拜然和亞美尼亞[14]。然而波斯的王權統治仍然在卡扎爾王朝時期得到重振[15]，面對英國和俄國的壓力而維持政治獨立，惟外籍顧問在宮廷和軍隊中掌握較大權力。波斯亦成為英俄大博弈的一部分，兩國還藉由《英俄條約》劃定了在波斯的勢力範圍[16][17][18]。
20世紀初，波斯各界不滿卡扎爾王朝君主專制，而掀起波斯立憲革命，建立立憲議會。穆罕默德·阿里沙阿遭罷黜，而即位的艾哈邁德沙阿未能捍衛新生的立憲政治，在俄國干涉下叫停部分改革，其王權更是在第一次世界大戰波斯戰役期間一落千丈，這時波斯淪為英軍、俄軍和土軍的角力場。最終，軍人李查·巴勒維發動政變推翻愷加王室，開啟巴勒維王朝及波斯王國的統治。
歷代沙阿
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Homa Katouzian, "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis", Published by I.B.Tauris, 2006. pg 327: "In post-Islamic times, the mother-tongue of Iran's rulers was often Turkic, but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language"
- ^ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
- ^ Iranica Online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: "Turkic was also the mother tongue and, to an extent, the court language of the subsequent Afsharid and Qajar dynasties"
- ^ Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3
- ^ Early Qajar Persia appeared to .... [2022-11-19]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-26）.
- ^ Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3; "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty."
- ^ Choueiri, Youssef M., A companion to the history of the Middle East, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516.
- ^ Cyrus Ghani. Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power, I. B. Tauris, 2000, ISBN 1-86064-629-8, p. 1
- ^ William Bayne Fisher. Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, ISBN 0-521-20094-6
- ^ Dr Parviz Kambin, A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire, Universe, 2011, p.36, online edition （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
- ^ H. Scheel; Jaschke, Gerhard; H. Braun; Spuler, Bertold; T. Koszinowski; Bagley, Frank. Muslim World. Brill Archive. 1981: 65, 370 [2012-09-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-06196-5.
- ^ Michael Axworthy. Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Penguin UK, 6 November 2008. ISBN 0141903414
- ^ Fisher et al. 1991，第330頁.
- ^ Timothy C. Dowling. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, pp 728-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 ISBN 1598849484
- ^ Amanat 2017，第177頁.
- ^ Deutschmann, Moritz. "All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century. Iranian Studies. 2013, 46 (3): 401–413 [2022-11-19]. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR 24482848. S2CID 143785614. doi:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-19）.
- ^ Andreeva, Elena. Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism. London: Routledge. 2007: 20, 63–76 [2022-11-19]. ISBN 978-0-203-96220-6. OCLC 166422396. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-24）.
- ^ ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907. Encyclopedia Iranica. [2021-08-22]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-29） （美國英語）.
書目
[編輯]- Atabaki, Touraj. Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. I.B.Tauris. 2006. ISBN 978-1860649646.
- Amanat, Abbas. Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896. I.B.Tauris. 1997. ISBN 9781860640971.
- Amanat, Abbas. Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press. 2017: 1–992. ISBN 978-0300112542.
- Bournoutian, George A. The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832. The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. 1980.
- Bosworth, Edmund. Hillenbrand, Carole , 編. Qajar Iran: Political, Social, and Cultural Change, 1800–1925. Edinburgh University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-085-224-459-3.
- Bournoutian, George A. A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present) 2. Mazda Publishers. 2002. ISBN 978-1568591414.
- Caton, M. BANĀN, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1988 [2022-11-19]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-08）.
- Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2014. ISBN 978-1598849486.
- Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. The Cambridge History of Iran 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991 [2022-11-19]. ISBN 978-0521200950. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-13）.
- Floor, Willem M. Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800–1925). Mazda Publishers. 2003. ISBN 978-156-859-147-6.
- Gleave, Robert (編). Religion and Society in Qajar Iran. Routledge. 2005. ISBN 978-041-533-814-1.
- Hitchins, Keith. EREKLE II – Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica. VIII, Fasc. 5: 541–542. 1998 [2022-11-19]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-17）.
- Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1977. ISBN 978-0521291361.
- Keddie, Nikki R. Qajar Iran and the rise of Reza Khan, 1796–1925. Mazda Publishers. 1999. ISBN 978-156-859-084-4.
- Kettenhofen, Erich; Bournoutian, George A.; Hewsen, Robert H. EREVAN. Encyclopǣdia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5: 542–551. 1998.
- Kohn, George C. Dictionary of Wars. Infobase Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-1438129167.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 1. ABC-CLIO. 2011. ISBN 978-1598843361.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander. Historical Dictionary of Georgia 2. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015. ISBN 978-1442241466.
- Gvosdev, Nikolas K.: Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760–1819, Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000, ISBN 0-312-22990-9
- Lang, David M.: The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832, Columbia University Press, New York 1957
- Paidar, Parvin. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780521595728.
- Perry, John. The Zand dynasty. The Cambridge History of Iran Volume=7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991: 63–104. ISBN 9780521200950.
- Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0253209153.
外部連結
[編輯]
- The Qajar (Kadjar) Pages
- The International Qajar Studies Association
- Dar ol-Qajar
- Qajar Family Website （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Some Photos of Qajar Family Members
- Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Digital Archive by Harvard University
- Qajar Documentation Fund Collection at the International Institute of Social History