哈瓦那症候群

哈瓦那症候群
哈瓦那症候群
	哈瓦那的國家飯店（Hotel Nacional）是據報道出現該症候群的地點之一。
症狀	突然聽到巨大的噪音、單耳或雙耳疼痛、頭部有壓迫感或震動感、耳鳴、視覺問題、眩暈、噁心、認知困難
類型	medically unexplained physical symptom[*]
病因	不明
分類和外部資源
	[編輯此條目的維基數據]

哈瓦那症候群（英語：Havana syndrome）是一系列據稱主要由美國政府官員和軍事人員在國外遭遇的原因不明的醫學症狀。這些症狀的嚴重程度從疼痛和耳鳴到認知困難不等^[2]^[8]，於2016年首次由美國和加拿大駐古巴哈瓦那的大使館工作人員報告，並因而得名。2017年開始，包括美國情報和軍事人員及其家屬在內的更多人員在其他地方，如中國、印度新德里^[9]、歐洲和華盛頓特區^[10]，報告了這些症狀。這些症狀的成因和真實性仍未確定^[7]^[11]。2023年年初，美國情報界一份報告指出，哈瓦那症候群不太可能是外國的行動造成的。^[12]

參見

參考資料

^ Cuba Travel Advisory. Travel.state.gov. Department of State. 2018-01-10 [2018-06-22]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-30）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Nelson R. Havana syndrome might be the result of energy pulses. Lancet. December 2021, 396 (10267): 1954. PMID 33341130. S2CID 229306878. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32711-2.
^ 'Havana syndrome' likely caused by directed microwaves - US report. BBC News. 2020-12-06 [2022-07-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-02）.
^ Broad, William J. Microwave Weapons Are Prime Suspect in Ills of U.S. Embassy Workers. New York Times. 2018-09-01 [2018-09-02]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-13）（英語）.
^
*National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Standing Committee to Advise the Department of State on Unexplained Health Effects on U.S. Government Employees and Their Families at Overseas Embassies. Relman, David A.; Pavlin, Julie A. , 編. Consensus Study Report: An Assessment of Illness in U.S. Government Employees and Their Families at Overseas Embassies. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies Press). 2020 [2022-05-07]. ISBN 978-0-309-68137-7. PMID 33411434. S2CID 230639099. doi:10.17226/25889. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-09）.
- New Report Assesses Illnesses Among U.S. Government Personnel and Their Families at Overseas Embassies. News Release. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020-12-05 [2022-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-02）.
- Hubler, Graham K.; Hoffman, Stuart W.; Andreadis, Tim D.; DePalma, Ralph G. Pulsed Microwave Energy Transduction of Acoustic Phonon Related Brain Injury. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020-08-04, 11: 753. PMC 7417645 . PMID 32849213. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00753 .
- Teschler, Leland. Microwaves and the Havana Syndrome. EE World Online. 2021-06-14 [2022-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-31）.
^ Gordon Corera, 'Havana syndrome' and the mystery of the microwaves （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, BBC News (September 9, 2021).
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Gaffney, Adam. The Big Misunderstanding About Havana Syndrome High-level diplomats are as prone to sociogenic illness as anyone else.. nymag.com. NY Magazine. 2021-11-08 [2021-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-08）.
^ The world this week, Oct 16th 2021 edition – Politics. The Economist. [2021-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-18）.
^ Explained: CIA officer on India trip reports Havana Syndrome; what is known about its symptoms and causes so far. 2021-09-24 [2022-07-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-11）.
^ Strobel, Warren P. Havana Syndrome Attacks Widen With CIA Officer's Evacuation From Serbia. Wall Street Journal. 2021-09-28 [2021-09-28]. ISSN 0099-9660. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-09）（美國英語）.
^ Bartholomew, Robert E; Baloh, Robert W. Challenging the diagnosis of 'Havana Syndrome' as a novel clinical entity. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2020-01-01, 113 (1): 7–11. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 6961165 . PMID 31672089. doi:10.1177/0141076819877553 （英語）. 已忽略未知參數|pmc-embargo-date= (幫助)
^ 美情報界報告稱「哈瓦那症候群」不太可能由外敵造成（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）－法國國際廣播電台

[1] Cuba Travel Advisory. Travel.state.gov. Department of State. 2018-01-10 [2018-06-22]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-30）.

[pmid33341130-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Nelson R. Havana syndrome might be the result of energy pulses. Lancet. December 2021, 396 (10267): 1954. PMID 33341130. S2CID 229306878. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32711-2.

[bbc-3] 'Havana syndrome' likely caused by directed microwaves - US report. BBC News. 2020-12-06 [2022-07-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-02）.

[BroadSuspect-4] Broad, William J. Microwave Weapons Are Prime Suspect in Ills of U.S. Embassy Workers. New York Times. 2018-09-01 [2018-09-02]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-13）（英語）.

[NatAcademies-5] *National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Standing Committee to Advise the Department of State on Unexplained Health Effects on U.S. Government Employees and Their Families at Overseas Embassies. Relman, David A.; Pavlin, Julie A. , 編. Consensus Study Report: An Assessment of Illness in U.S. Government Employees and Their Families at Overseas Embassies. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies Press). 2020 [2022-05-07]. ISBN 978-0-309-68137-7. PMID 33411434. S2CID 230639099. doi:10.17226/25889. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-09）.
New Report Assesses Illnesses Among U.S. Government Personnel and Their Families at Overseas Embassies. News Release. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020-12-05 [2022-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-02）.

Hubler, Graham K.; Hoffman, Stuart W.; Andreadis, Tim D.; DePalma, Ralph G. Pulsed Microwave Energy Transduction of Acoustic Phonon Related Brain Injury. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020-08-04, 11: 753. PMC 7417645 . PMID 32849213. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00753 .

Teschler, Leland. Microwaves and the Havana Syndrome. EE World Online. 2021-06-14 [2022-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-31）.

[6] New Report Assesses Illnesses Among U.S. Government Personnel and Their Families at Overseas Embassies. News Release. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020-12-05 [2022-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-02）.

[7] Hubler, Graham K.; Hoffman, Stuart W.; Andreadis, Tim D.; DePalma, Ralph G. Pulsed Microwave Energy Transduction of Acoustic Phonon Related Brain Injury. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020-08-04, 11: 753. PMC 7417645 . PMID 32849213. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00753 .

[8] Teschler, Leland. Microwaves and the Havana Syndrome. EE World Online. 2021-06-14 [2022-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-31）.

[Corera-6] Gordon Corera, 'Havana syndrome' and the mystery of the microwaves （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, BBC News (September 9, 2021).

[Intelligencer-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Gaffney, Adam. The Big Misunderstanding About Havana Syndrome High-level diplomats are as prone to sociogenic illness as anyone else.. nymag.com. NY Magazine. 2021-11-08 [2021-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-08）.

[The_Economist-8] The world this week, Oct 16th 2021 edition – Politics. The Economist. [2021-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-18）.

[9] Explained: CIA officer on India trip reports Havana Syndrome; what is known about its symptoms and causes so far. 2021-09-24 [2022-07-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-11）.

[Strobel-10] Strobel, Warren P. Havana Syndrome Attacks Widen With CIA Officer's Evacuation From Serbia. Wall Street Journal. 2021-09-28 [2021-09-28]. ISSN 0099-9660. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-09）（美國英語）.

[2020Bartholomew-11] Bartholomew, Robert E; Baloh, Robert W. Challenging the diagnosis of 'Havana Syndrome' as a novel clinical entity. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2020-01-01, 113 (1): 7–11. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 6961165 . PMID 31672089. doi:10.1177/0141076819877553 （英語）. 已忽略未知參數|pmc-embargo-date= (幫助)

[12] 美情報界報告稱「哈瓦那症候群」不太可能由外敵造成（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）－法國國際廣播電台

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