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使用者:JKessvinJ/沙盒/終身貴族

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內廷宮務大臣
英國皇家徽章
宮務大臣廳（英語：Lord Chamberlain's Office）
所屬英國王室內廷（英語：Royal Households of the United Kingdom）
任命者英國君主
任期聽憑君主旨意
首任托馬斯·歐平漢爵士
設立約1399年
網站Official Website

宮務大臣（英語：Lord Chamberlain），又稱內廷宮務大臣（英語：Lord Chamberlain of the Household），是英國王室內廷（英語：Royal Households of the United Kingdom）最重要的職位，負責主管內廷各部門以支援君主，及維繫君主與上議院之間的交流和聯繫。除此之外，皇室大小典禮活動，包括國事訪問、授勳儀式、遊園會、國會開幕大典和其他皇室婚禮和喪禮等，均由宮務大臣廳負責籌辦。

Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is the most senior officer of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom, supervising the departments which support and provide advice to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom while also acting as the main channel of communication between the Sovereign and the House of Lords. The office organises all ceremonial activity such as garden parties, state visits, royal weddings, and the State Opening of Parliament. They also handle the Royal Mews and Royal Travel, as well as the ceremony around the awarding of honours.

從1737年至1968年宮務大臣也負責審批戲劇的表演牌照，意味著宮務大臣有權審查戲劇。[1]

擔任宮務大臣的人士通常都是樞密院顧問官和貴族，在1782年以前更是內閣閣揆之一。1924年前此職仍爲政治職位。宮務大臣一職最早源於中世紀的國王內侍（King's Chamberlain），擔任君主在樞密院和國會的發言人。[2]

現任宮務大臣是明斯米爾的帕克男爵安德魯·帕克（英語：Andrew Parker, Baron Parker of Minsmere）（Andrew Parker），在2021年4月1日履任。

For over 230 years, the Lord Chamberlain had the power to decide which plays would be granted a license for performance. From 1737 to 1968, this meant that the Lord Chamberlain had the capacity to censor theatre at his pleasure.[1]

The Lord Chamberlain is always sworn of the Privy Council, is usually a peer and before 1782 the post was of Cabinet rank. The position was a political one until 1924. The office dates from the Middle Ages when the King's Chamberlain often acted as the King's spokesman in Council and Parliament.[2]

The current Lord Chamberlain is The Lord Parker of Minsmere, who has been in office since 1 April 2021.

歷史職責

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宮務大臣為近代王室內廷的三個主要職位之一（其餘兩個是宮內大臣和掌馬官（英語：Master of the Horse））。宮務大臣主管宮殿內除君主臥室以外的其他房間（主要用作官方職能和接見外賓），其部門除了為君主提供僕人和其他人員如醫生、護衛、皇家近衛隊（英語：Yeomen of the Guard）和皇家侍衛榮譽隊（英語：Gentlemen Pensioners）等外，也負責籌辦典禮。除了管理宮殿外，宮務大臣也管理皇家教堂，在皇家衣櫥部門併入宮務大臣廳後也管理皇室工務局（英語：Office of Works）和珍寶館（英語：Jewel House），這些職責在1782年被移除。[3]

宮務大臣也負責維繫君主與內廷各部門之間的交流。[3]

During the early modern period, the Lord Chamberlain was one of the three principal officers of the Royal Household, the others being the Lord Steward and the Master of the Horse. The Lord Chamberlain was responsible for the "chamber" or the household "above stairs": that is, the series of rooms used by the Sovereign to receive increasingly select visitors, terminating in the royal bedchamber (although the bedchamber itself came to operate semi-autonomously under the Groom of the Stool/Stole). His department not only furnished the servants and other personnel (such as physicians and bodyguards, the Yeomen of the Guard and Gentlemen Pensioners) in intimate attendance on the Sovereign but arranged and staffed ceremonies and entertainments for the court. He had (secular) authority over the Chapel Royal, and through the reabsorption of the Wardrobe into the Chamber, was also responsible for the Office of Works, the Jewel House, and other functions more removed from the Sovereign's person, many of which were reorganized and removed from the Chamberlain's purview in 1782.[3]

As other responsibilities of government were devolved to ministers, the ordering of the Royal Household was largely left to the personal taste of the Sovereign. To ensure that the chamber reflected the royal tastes, the Lord Chamberlain received commands directly from the sovereign to be transmitted to the heads of subordinate departments.[3]

1594年時任宮務大臣第一代亨斯頓男爵亨利·凱里（英語：Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon）成立了宮務大臣劇團（莎士比亞為合伙人之一）。伊麗莎白一世委託凱里掌管內廷的娛樂活動，而非凱里轄下的活動主管（英語：Master of the Revels）。1603年詹姆斯一世正式贊助宮務大臣劇團，劇團亦更名為英皇劇團。[4]

In 1594, the Lord Chamberlain, Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon, founded the Lord Chamberlain's Men, for which William Shakespeare was a part (and later a shareholder in the company) and for whom he wrote most of his plays during his career. Carey served under Elizabeth I of England at the time and was in charge of all court entertainment, a duty traditionally given to the Master of the Revels, a deputy of the Lord Chamberlain. Later, in 1603, James I of England, elevated the Chamberlain's Men to royal patronage and changed the name to the King's Men.[4]

劇作審查權

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Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister who gave the Lord Chamberlain official censorship duties

1737年牌照法案

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在1737年，時任英國首相羅拔·華波通過《1737年牌照法案（英語：Licensing Act 1737）》以要求劇作需經過宮務大臣審查後才能演出。法案賦予宮務大臣法定權力去否決任何新作戲劇的演出：他有權以任何理由阻止新劇公演，或禁止修改現有戲劇的劇情；劇團如果公演任何未經批准的戲劇或戲劇部分，可被宮務大臣檢控。

In 1737, Sir Robert Walpole officially introduced statutory censorship with the Licensing Act of 1737 by appointing the Lord Chamberlain to act as the theatrical censor. The Licensing Act 1737 gave the Lord Chamberlain the statutory authority to veto the performance of any new plays: he could prevent any new play, or any modification to an existing play, from being performed for any reason, and theatre owners could be prosecuted for staging a play (or part of a play) that had not received prior approval.

歷史上大部分倫敦的劇團由王室贊助，作爲內廷娛樂的主管，宮務大臣一直憑藉皇家特權掌控著這些劇團。不過到了1730年代，特許劇場的興起早已取代舊有獲皇家贊助的劇團。宮務大臣之後二百多年的審查大大鉗制了英國戲劇的發展。[5]更甚者，國會並不能修改與審查相關的條文，因爲宮務大臣一職及其權力均是來自皇家特權，而非成文法。[5]

Historically though, the Lord Chamberlain had been exercising a commanding authority on London's theatre companies under the Royal Prerogative for many decades already. But by the 1730s the theatre was not controlled by royal patronage anymore. Instead it had become more of a commercial business. Therefore, the fact the Lord Chamberlain still retained censorship authority for the next 200 years gave him uniquely repressive authority during a period where Britain was experiencing "growing political enfranchisement and liberalization".[5]

Even further confusion rested in the fact that Members of Parliament could not present changes to the censorship laws because although the Lord Chamberlain exercised his authority under statute law, he was still an official whose authority was derived from the Royal Prerogative.[5]

1843年劇場法案

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戲劇行業在1830年代開始推動改革英格蘭的劇場牌照制度。1737年的法例過度偏袒大型劇場，並不利於劇作家以及小型劇場的發展。[5]劇作家指劇作並不受版權保護，而倫敦只有兩家特許劇場可以上演新劇。爲此國會在1832年成立專責委員會以檢視相關法律，並按照委員會的建議在1843年通過《1843年劇場法案（英語：Theatres Act 1843）》。依照新例，雖然宮務大臣仍擁有對劇作審查權，但他只能禁止會危害公序良俗的戲劇。同時法例允許更多小型劇場獲得牌照以公演戲劇，打破原有特許劇場對新作戲劇的壟斷。[5][1]

By the 1830s, it started to become clear that the theatre licensing system in England needed an upgrade. Playwrights, instead of representatives of minor theatres, actually initiated the final push for reform as they felt that their livelihoods were being negatively affected by the monopoly the larger theatres had on the industry, backed by the laws in the 1737 Act.[5]

A Select Committee was formed in 1832 with the purpose of examining the laws that affected dramatic literature. Their main complaints were the lack of copyright protection for their work and more importantly that only two patent theatres in London could legitimately perform new plays. After more pressure from playwrights and theatre managers, the findings of the committee were finally presented to Parliament.[5]

It was the proposals of this committee that Parliament implemented in the Theatres Act of 1843. The Act still confirmed the absolute powers of censorship enjoyed by the Lord Chamberlain but still slightly restricted his powers so that he could only prohibit the performance of plays where he was of the opinion that "it is fitting for the preservation of good manners, decorum or of the public peace so to do". However, the Act did abolish the monopoly that the patent houses had in London providing a minor win for playwrights and theatre managers wishing to produce new work.[5][1]

1968年劇場法案

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1909年

In 1909, a Joint Select Committee on Stage Plays (Censorship) was established and recommended that the Lord Chamberlain should continue to act as censor but that it could be lawful to perform plays without a licence from the Lord Chamberlain.[1] However, King Edward VII refused to accept these recommendations. The outbreak of both World Wars put an end to any parliamentary initiatives to change the laws regarding theatre censorship for many years. In 1948, the first British Theatre Conference recommended the termination of theatre censorship with the plan to pursue parliamentary action to ratify this.[1][5]

In the 1960s the debate to abolish theatre censorship rose again as a new generation of young playwrights came on the scene. They gained popularity with their new plays in local establishments, but since many were refused a licence by the Lord Chamberlain, they could not transfer to the West End. In the case of John Osborne's play A Patriot for Me, the Lord Chamberlain at the time, Lord Cobbold, was irritated that the play was so widely publicized even though he had banned it and therefore pursued legal action. In the end, the play was allowed to continue as it was. At this point, several widely regarded authors had all been censored by the Lord Chamberlain at one time or another, including playwrights Henrik Ibsen and George Bernard Shaw. Another Joint Select Committee was founded to further debate on the issue and present a solution. This time the argument largely centered around this issue on the portrayal of living and recently dead individuals, particularly in reference to the monarchy as well as politicians.[1][5]

After much debate, the Theatres Act 1968 was finally passed; it officially abolished the censorship of the stage and repealed the Lord Chamberlain's power to refuse a licence to a play of any kind.[1] The first London performance of the musical Hair was actually delayed until the Act was passed after a licence had been refused.[6]

Aftermath

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The battle regarding the abolition of censorship was largely a political one, fought on principle. Those who opposed the termination of this particular duty of the Lord Chamberlain were mostly concerned about how to protect the reputation of the royal family and the political elite instead of controlling obscenity and blasphemy on stage. However, this concern has largely been unfounded. Since the termination of censorship, British drama has flourished and produced several prominent playwrights and new works since. The abolishment of censorship opened a floodgate of theatrical creativity.[5]

Duties of the office

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The Lord Chamberlain is the most senior official of the Royal Household and oversees its business, including liaising with the other senior officers of the Household, chairing Heads of Department meetings, and advising in the appointment of senior Household officials.[2][7] The Lord Chamberlain also undertakes ceremonial duties and serves as the channel of communication between the Sovereign and the House of Lords.[2]

The Lord Chamberlain's Office is a department of the Royal Household and its day-to-day work is headed by the Comptroller. It is responsible for organizing ceremonial activities including state visits, investitures, garden parties, the State Opening of Parliament, weddings and funerals.[2]

During ceremonial activities, the Lord Chamberlain carries specific symbols that represent his office. These symbols include a white staff and a key which must be worn at the hip pocket. During a royal funeral, the white staff has been symbolically broken over the grave of the deceased monarch. This was last done by the Earl of Clarendon, who broke his staff over the grave of King George VI in 1952.[2][7]

The Lord Chamberlain also regulates the design and the wearing of court uniform and dress and how insignia are worn.

List of Lords Chamberlain of the Household from 1399

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Name office office Notes Reference
Sir Thomas Erpingham 1399 1404 [8]
The Lord Grey of Codnor 1404 1413 [8]
The Lord FitzHugh 1413 1425 [8]
The Lord Cromwell 約1425 1432 First period in office [8]
The Lord Bardolf 1432 1441 [8]
Sir Ralph Boteler,
from 1441 The Lord Sudeley		 1441 1447 [8]
The Lord Saye and Sele 1447 1450 [8]
The Lord Cromwell 1450 1455 Second period in office [8]
Thomas Stanley,
from 1456 The Lord Stanley		 1455 1459 [8]
The Earl of Salisbury 1460 1460 [8]
The Lord Hastings 1461 1470 First period in office [8]
Unknown 1470 1471 Second reign of Henry VI
The Lord Hastings 1471 1483 Second period in office [8]
The Viscount Lovell 1483 1485 [8]
Sir William Stanley 1485 1494 [8]
Lord Daubeney 1494 1508 [8]
The Lord Herbert,
from 1514 The Earl of Worcester		 1509 1526 [8]
The Earl of Arundel 1526 1530
The Lord Sandys 1530 1540 [8]
Vacant 1540 1543 [8]
The Lord St John 1543 1545 Created The Earl of Wiltshire in 1550 and The Marquess of Winchester in 1551 [8]
Unknown 1545 1546
The Earl of Arundel 1546 1550 [8]
The Lord Wentworth 1550 1551 [8]
The Lord Darcy of Chiche 1551 1553 [8]
Sir John Gage 1553 1556 [8]
Unknown 1556 1557
Sir Edward Hastings
from 1558 The Lord Hastings of Loughborough		 1557 1558 [8]
The Lord Howard of Effingham 1558 1572 [8]
The Earl of Sussex 1572 1583 [8]
Unknown 1583 1585
The Lord Hunsdon 1585 1596 Founded the famous Lord Chamberlain's Men for whom Shakespeare wrote for most of his career. [8][4]
The Lord Cobham 1596 1597 [8]
The Lord Hunsdon 1597 1603 [8]
Lord Thomas Howard,
from 1603 The Earl of Suffolk		 1603 1614 [8]
The Earl of Somerset 1614 1615 [8]
The Earl of Pembroke 1615 1626 [8]
The Earl of Montgomery,
from 1630 The Earl of Pembroke		 1626 1641 [8]
The Earl of Essex 1641 1642 [8]
Unkown 1642 1644
The Earl of Dorset 1644 1649 [8]
Vacant 1649 1655 Position became vacant at the start of the Interregnum and the Commonwealth
Sir Gilbert Pickering, Bt 1655 1659 Lord Chamberlain during The Protectorate [8]
The Earl of Manchester 1660 1671 [8]
The Earl of St Albans 1672 1674 [8]
The Earl of Arlington 1674 1685 [8]
The Earl of Elgin and Earl of Ailesbury 1685 1685 [8]
The Earl of Mulgrave 1685 1688 Created The Marquess of Normanby in 1694 and The Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 [8]
The Earl of Dorset 1689 1697 [8]
The Earl of Sunderland 1697 1697 [8]
Vacant 1697 1699 The King did not accept the resignation of the Earl of Sunderland
The Duke of Shrewsbury 1699 1700 [8]
The Earl of Jersey 1700 1704 [8]
The Earl of Kent
from 1706 The Marquess of Kent		 1704 1710 Created The Duke of Kent in 1710 and The Marquess Grey in 1740 [8]
The Duke of Shrewsbury 1710 1715 [8]
The Duke of Bolton 1715 1717 [8]
The Duke of Newcastle 1717 1724 [8]
The Duke of Grafton 1724 1757 [8]
The Duke of Devonshire 1757 1762 [8]
The Duke of Marlborough 1762 1763 [8]
The Earl Gower 1763 1765 Created The Marquess of Stafford in 1786 [8]
The Duke of Portland 1765 1766 [8]
The Earl of Hertford 1766 1782 First period in office; created The Marquess of Hertford in 1793 [8]
The Duke of Manchester 1782 1783 [8]
The Earl of Hertford 1783 1783 Second period in office; created The Marquess of Hertford in 1793 [8][9]
The Earl of Salisbury,
from 1789 The Marquess of Salisbury		 1783 1804
The Earl of Dartmouth 1804 1810 [8]
Vacant 1810 1812
The Marquess of Hertford 1812 1821 [8][10]
The Duke of Montrose 1821 1827 First period in office [8][11]
The Duke of Devonshire 1827 1828 First period in office [8]
The Duke of Montrose 1828 1830 Second period in office [8]
The Earl of Jersey 1830 1830 First period in office [8]
The Duke of Devonshire 1830 1834 Second period in office [8]
The Earl of Jersey 1834 1835 Second period in office [8][12]
The Marquess Wellesley 1835 1835 [8]
The Marquess Conyngham 1835 1839
Earl of Uxbridge 1839 1841 Succeeded as The Marquess of Anglesey in 1854
The Earl De La Warr 1841 1846 First period in office [8]
The Earl Spencer 1846 1848 [8][13]
The Marquess of Breadalbane 1848 1852 First period in office [8][14]
The Marquess of Exeter 1852 1852 [15]
The Marquess of Breadalbane 1853 1858 Second period in office [8][16]
The Earl De La Warr 1858 1859 Second period in office [8][17]
The Viscount Sydney 1859 1866 First period in office [18]
The Earl of Bradford 1866 1868 [19]
The Viscount Sydney 1868 1874 Second period in office; created The Earl Sydney in 1874 [20]
The Marquess of Hertford 1874 1879 [21]
The Earl of Mount Edgcumbe 1879 1880 [22]
The Earl of Kenmare 1880 1885 First period in office [23]
The Earl of Lathom 1885 1886 First period in office [24]
The Earl of Kenmare 1886 1886 Second period in office [25]
The Earl of Lathom 1886 1892 Second period in office [26]
The Lord Carrington 1892 1895 Created The Earl Carrington in 1895 and The Marquess of Lincolnshire in 1912 [8]
The Earl of Lathom 1895 1898 Third period in office [27]
The Earl of Hopetoun 1898 1900 Created The Marquess of Linlithgow in 1902 [8]
The Earl of Clarendon 1900 1905 [28]
The Viscount Althorp
from 1910 The Earl Spencer		 1905 1912 [29]
The Lord Sandhurst
from 1917 The Viscount Sandhurst		 1912 1921 [30]
The Duke of Atholl 1921 1922 [8][31]
The Earl of Cromer 1922 1938 [8]
The Earl of Clarendon 1938 1952 [8]
The Earl of Scarbrough 1952 1963 [8]
The Lord Cobbold 29 January 1963 30 November 1971 [8][32]
The Lord Maclean 1 December 1971 30 November 1984 [8][33]
The Earl of Airlie 1 December 1984 31 December 1997 [34]
The Lord Camoys 1 January 1998 31 May 2000
The Lord Luce 1 October 2000 15 October 2006
The Earl Peel 16 October 2006 31 March 2021 [35]
The Lord Parker of Minsmere 1 April 2021 Present [36]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Handley, Miriam. The Lord Chamberlain Regrets...: A History of British Theatre Censorship. London, England: British Library. 2004: 3–17, 86–87, 140, 149, 162, 169. ISBN 0712348654. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 The Lord Chamberlain. Monarchy of the United Kingdom. [30 May 2011]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bucholz, Robert O. (編). Introduction: Administrative structure and work. Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 11 (Revised), Court Officers, 1660-1837. London: University of London. 2006. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zarrilli, Phillip B. Theatre Histories, An Introduction. New York, NY: Routledge. 2006: 157–158, 188. ISBN 0-415-22727-5. 
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 Thomas, David. Theatre Censorship: From Walpole to Wilson. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2007: iix – xiii, 2, 4, 36, 53–57, 182–188, 205, 216–225. ISBN 978-0-19-926028-7. 
  6. ^ Lewis, Anthony. Londoners Cool To Hair's Nudity Four Letter Words Shock Few At Musical's Debut. New York Times. September 29, 1968 [December 10, 2017]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Great Officers of the Household. Debrett's. [30 May 2011]. （原始內容存檔於10 October 2010）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
  8. ^ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.41 8.42 8.43 8.44 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.48 8.49 8.50 8.51 8.52 8.53 8.54 8.55 8.56 8.57 8.58 8.59 8.60 8.61 8.62 8.63 8.64 8.65 8.66 8.67 8.68 8.69 8.70 8.71 8.72 8.73 8.74 8.75 8.76 8.77 8.78 Lord chamberlains of the royal household in the Oxford DNB. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. [6 February 2011].  需要訂閱或英國公共圖書館會員資格
  9. ^ 第12430號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 8 April 1783. 
  10. ^ 第16581號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 7 March 1812. 
  11. ^ 第17772號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 11 December 1821. 
  12. ^ 第19221號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 16 December 1834. 
  13. ^ 第20621號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 10 July 1846. 
  14. ^ 第20894號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 5 September 1848. 
  15. ^ 第21297號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 2 March 1852. 
  16. ^ 第21403號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 18 January 1853. 
  17. ^ 第22106號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 2 March 1858. 
  18. ^ 第22279號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 24 June 1859. 
  19. ^ 第23137號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 13 July 1866. 
  20. ^ 第23450號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 15 December 1868. 
  21. ^ 第24071號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 3 March 1874. 
  22. ^ 第24721號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 13 May 1879. 
  23. ^ 第24841號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 4 May 1880. 
  24. ^ 第25485號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 30 June 1885. 
  25. ^ 第25558號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 12 February 1886. 
  26. ^ 第25615號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 10 August 1886. 
  27. ^ 第26644號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 16 July 1895. 
  28. ^ 第27232號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 25 September 1900. 
  29. ^ 第27866號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 22 December 1905. 
  30. ^ 第28581號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 16 February 1912. 
  31. ^ 第32525號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 22 November 1921. 
  32. ^ 第42909號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 1 February 1963. 
  33. ^ 第45536號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 3 December 1971. 
  34. ^ 第49948號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 4 December 1984. 
  35. ^ Appointment of Lord Chamberlain at the Royal Household official website, 2006 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期19 July 2006.
  36. ^ Kirsty.Oram. Lord Parker of Minsmere KCB appointed as Lord Chamberlain. The Royal Family. 2021-02-05 [2021-02-06] （英語）. 

Further reading

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[編輯]
英文維基文庫中的《1911年版大英百科全書》條目：Lord Chamberlain

Template:English Monarchy Household

$Category:British monarchy $Category:Theatre in the United Kingdom $Category:Positions within the British Royal Household $Category:Ceremonial officers in the United Kingdom

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