古元古代

古元古代
古元古代
2500 – 1600 百萬年前顯生宙元古宙太古宙冥古宙
地質年代
	地質年代閱; 論; 編; -4500 — – -4000 — – -3500 — – -3000 — – -2500 — – -2000 — – -1500 — – -1000 — – -500 — – 0 — <div class=bar style=" font-size:100%; background-color:; border-width:0.04em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:表达式错误：预期外的<运算符。em; height:表达式错误：预期外的<运算符。em; margin-left:0em; width:5.6em; "> <span style=" position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-表达式错误：预期外的<运算符。em; ">冥古宙太古宙元古宙顯生宙始太古代古太古代中太古代新太古代古元古代中元古代新元古代古生代中生代新生代單位：百萬年前
擬議重新定義	2420–1541 Ma; Gradstein et al., 2012;
建議的細分	成氧代, 2420–2250 Ma; Gradstein et al., 2012; 耶杜里/真核代, 2250–2060 Ma; Gradstein et al., 2012; 哥倫比亞代, 2060–1780 Ma; Gradstein et al., 2012;
詞源
名稱是否正式	正式
替代拼寫	Palaeoproterozoic
具體信息
天體	地球
適用區域	全球（ICS）
適用時標	ICS年代表
定義
地質年代單位	代
年代地層單位	界
名稱是否正式	正式
下邊界定義	時間上定義
下邊界GSSP位置	N/A
GSSP批准時間	N/A
上邊界定義	時間上定義
上邊界GSSP位置	N/A
GSSP批准時間	N/A

古元古代（英語：Paleoproterozoic，符號PP）是地質時代中的一個代，開始於同位素年齡25億年前（Ma），結束於16億年前（Ma）。古元古代期間藍藻、細菌非常繁盛。

古元古代屬於前寒武紀元古宙，上一個代是新太古代，下一個代是中元古代。古元古代包括了成鐵紀、層侵紀、造山紀、固結紀。

這一時期，地球上的大陸第一次穩定下來。古生物學證據表明，在大約18億年前，地球的自轉速度相當於20個小時，這意味著每年總共有大約450天。^[1]

古元古代大氣

大氧化事件之前，幾乎所有生命體都是厭氧生物，代謝基於一種不需要氧氣的呼吸作用。大量自由氧對大多數厭氧生物來說毒性巨大，因此大氧化事件來臨時，大多數厭氧生物都滅絕了。倖存生物要麼對氧氣的氧化作用有一定抵抗力，要麼藏進了無氧環境中。大氣中游離氧的突然增加和隨之而來的厭氧生物滅絕是地球歷史上最早、最重要的大規模滅絕事件之一。^[2]

真核生物出現

真核生物大規模湧現應當是在古元古代。^[3]^[4] 雖然具體時間點還有爭議，^[5]^[6] 目前達成的共識是真核生物應出現於古元古代某時。^[7]^[8]

地質事件

這一時期，最早的全球規模陸陸碰撞帶形成。與之相關的造山事件有：南美和西非21–20億年前的跨亞馬遜及象牙造山運動；南非~20億年前的林波波帶；19–18億年前北美洲的跨哈德遜造山運動、彭諾克造山運動、Taltson–Thelon造山運動、翁培造山運動、昂加瓦岩漿事件、托恩蓋特造山運動、格陵蘭的納格蘇托基德造山運動；19–18億年前的克拉-卡累利阿、沃里尼亞-中俄羅斯、東歐波羅的的帕切爾瑪造山運動及瑞芬造山運動；西伯利亞19–18億年前的阿基特坎造山運動；~19.5億年前的孔茲岩帶；~18.5億年前的跨華北造山運動；北美洲南部18-16億年前亞瓦佩造山運動及馬扎察爾造山運動。

這種碰撞帶模式足以支持一個超大陸的生成，即哥倫比亞大陸。^[9]^[10]大陸碰撞突然導致大規模的造山，這導致大氧化事件後生物量和碳埋藏增加。據推測，俯衝的碳質沉積物潤滑加速了岩層壓縮變形的過程，導致了地殼增厚^[11]

今日瑞典北部的長英質火成岩所反映的火山活動造就了基律納斑岩和阿爾維斯堯爾斑岩。^[12]

巴塔哥尼亞最古老的岩石圈地函形成。^[13]

參見

無聊十億年-18至8億年前
蘇阿夫湖撞擊坑-已知最古老的撞擊坑
弗朗西維利安生物群-已知最古老的多細胞生物痕跡
弗里德堡隕石坑
索德柏立盆地
新太古代

參考

^ Pannella, Giorgio. Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian. Astrophysics and Space Science. 1972, 16 (2): 212. Bibcode:1972Ap&SS..16..212P. S2CID 122908383. doi:10.1007/BF00642735.
^ Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion. Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. University of California Press. 1997-05-29 [2022-05-02]. ISBN 9780520210646. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-02）（英語）.
^ Hedges, S Blair; Chen, Hsiong; Kumar, Sudhir; Wang, Daniel YC; Thompson, Amanda S; Watanabe, Hidemi. A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2001-09-12, 1: 4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 56995 . PMID 11580860. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4.
^ Hedges, S Blair; Blair, Jaime E; Venturi, Maria L; Shoe, Jason L. A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2004-01-28, 4: 2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 341452 . PMID 15005799. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2.
^ Rodríguez-Trelles, Francisco; Tarrío, Rosa; Ayala, Francisco J. A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002-06-11, 99 (12): 8112–8115. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.8112R. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 123029 . PMID 12060757. doi:10.1073/pnas.122231299 .
^ Stechmann, Alexandra; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion. Science. 2002-07-05, 297 (5578): 89–91. Bibcode:2002Sci...297...89S. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12098695. S2CID 21064445. doi:10.1126/science.1071196.
^ Ayala, Francisco José; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Ayala, Francisco J. Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998-01-20, 95 (2): 606–611. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..606J. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 18467 . PMID 9435239. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.606 .
^ Wang, D Y; Kumar, S; Hedges, S B. Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi.. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1999-01-22, 266 (1415): 163–171. PMC 1689654 . PMID 10097391. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0617.
^ Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A; Wilde, Simon A; Sun, Min. Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent. Earth-Science Reviews. 2002, 59 (1–4): 125–162. Bibcode:2002ESRv...59..125Z. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9.
^ Zhao, Guochun; Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S.Z. A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup. Earth-Science Reviews. 2004, 67 (1–2): 91–123 [2022-05-02]. Bibcode:2004ESRv...67...91Z. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-09）.
^ John Parnell, Connor Brolly: Increased biomass and carbon burial 2 billion years ago triggered mountain building. Nature Communications Earth & Environment, 2021, doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00313-5 (Open Access).
^ Lundqvist, Thomas. Porfyr i Sverige: En geologisk översikt. 2009: 24–27. ISBN 978-91-7158-960-6 （瑞典語）.
^ Schilling, Manuel Enrique; Carlson, Richard Walter; Tassara, Andrés; Conceição, Rommulo Viveira; Berotto, Gustavo Walter; Vásquez, Manuel; Muñoz, Daniel; Jalowitzki, Tiago; Gervasoni, Fernanda; Morata, Diego. The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths. Precambrian Research. 2017, 294: 15–32. Bibcode:2017PreR..294...15S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.008.

外部連結

（英文）古元古代（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
（英文）EssayWeb 古元古代
（英文）第一次呼吸：地球十億年來爭奪氧氣的鬥爭 New Scientist, #2746, 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane. Posits an earlier much longer snowball period, c2.4 - c2.0 Gya, triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event.
（英文）The information on eukaryotic lineage diversification was gathered from a New York Times opinion blog by Olivia Judson. See the text here: [1].
（英文）古元古代（年代地層尺度）

[1] Pannella, Giorgio. Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian. Astrophysics and Space Science. 1972, 16 (2): 212. Bibcode:1972Ap&SS..16..212P. S2CID 122908383. doi:10.1007/BF00642735.

[2] Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion. Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. University of California Press. 1997-05-29 [2022-05-02]. ISBN 9780520210646. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-02）（英語）.

[:0-3] Hedges, S Blair; Chen, Hsiong; Kumar, Sudhir; Wang, Daniel YC; Thompson, Amanda S; Watanabe, Hidemi. A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2001-09-12, 1: 4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 56995 . PMID 11580860. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4.

[:2-4] Hedges, S Blair; Blair, Jaime E; Venturi, Maria L; Shoe, Jason L. A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2004-01-28, 4: 2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 341452 . PMID 15005799. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2.

[5] Rodríguez-Trelles, Francisco; Tarrío, Rosa; Ayala, Francisco J. A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002-06-11, 99 (12): 8112–8115. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.8112R. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 123029 . PMID 12060757. doi:10.1073/pnas.122231299 .

[6] Stechmann, Alexandra; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion. Science. 2002-07-05, 297 (5578): 89–91. Bibcode:2002Sci...297...89S. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12098695. S2CID 21064445. doi:10.1126/science.1071196.

[7] Ayala, Francisco José; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Ayala, Francisco J. Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998-01-20, 95 (2): 606–611. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..606J. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 18467 . PMID 9435239. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.606 .

[8] Wang, D Y; Kumar, S; Hedges, S B. Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi.. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1999-01-22, 266 (1415): 163–171. PMC 1689654 . PMID 10097391. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0617.

[Zhao1-9] Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A; Wilde, Simon A; Sun, Min. Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent. Earth-Science Reviews. 2002, 59 (1–4): 125–162. Bibcode:2002ESRv...59..125Z. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9.

[Zhao2-10] Zhao, Guochun; Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S.Z. A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup. Earth-Science Reviews. 2004, 67 (1–2): 91–123 [2022-05-02]. Bibcode:2004ESRv...67...91Z. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-09）.

[11] John Parnell, Connor Brolly: Increased biomass and carbon burial 2 billion years ago triggered mountain building. Nature Communications Earth & Environment, 2021, doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00313-5 (Open Access).

[Lundqvist_2009-12] Lundqvist, Thomas. Porfyr i Sverige: En geologisk översikt. 2009: 24–27. ISBN 978-91-7158-960-6 （瑞典語）.

[13] Schilling, Manuel Enrique; Carlson, Richard Walter; Tassara, Andrés; Conceição, Rommulo Viveira; Berotto, Gustavo Walter; Vásquez, Manuel; Muñoz, Daniel; Jalowitzki, Tiago; Gervasoni, Fernanda; Morata, Diego. The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths. Precambrian Research. 2017, 294: 15–32. Bibcode:2017PreR..294...15S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.008.

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