酗酒:修订间差异

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事先預防養成酗酒的習慣可藉由酒類銷售的限制與規範,以及課{{link-en|酒精法|Alcohol law|稅}}來增加購買酒類的成本,以及提供較不昂貴的治療方式<ref>{{cite web|author1=World Health Organization|title=Alcohol|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/|accessdate=10 May 2015|date=January 2015}}</ref>。治療方式會有幾個步驟;因為在戒除的過程中會產生一些如{{link-en|酒精戒斷|Alcohol detoxification}}等醫療問題,必須小心控制。一個較普遍的做法是使用如[[地西泮]]等[[苯二氮平類藥物]],可用於經核准的醫療保健機構,或可嚴密監控患者的環境中<ref name="Blondell-2005">{{cite journal | author = Blondell RD | title = Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 495–502 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15712624 }}</ref>。若有其它的癮頭或精神上的疾病時,則會讓治療變得更複雜<ref>{{cite journal|last1=DeVido|first1=JJ|last2=Weiss|first2=RD|title=Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient.|journal=Current psychiatry reports|date=December 2012|volume=14|issue=6|pages=610-8|pmid=22907336}}</ref>。在幫助酗酒者遠離酒精的戒酒贊助計畫如[[團體心理治療|集體治療]]或{{link-en|支持團體|Support group|自助群體}}後<ref name="Morgan-Lopez-2006">{{cite journal | author = Morgan-Lopez AA, Fals-Stewart W | title = Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions | journal = Exp Clin Psychopharmacol | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–73 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16756430 | doi = 10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albanese|first1=AP|title=Management of alcohol abuse.|journal=Clinics in liver disease|date=November 2012|volume=16|issue=4|pages=737-62|pmid=23101980}}</ref>,[[匿名戒酒會]]是經常被使用的方式<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tusa|first1=AL|last2=Burgholzer|first2=JA|title=Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012.|journal=Journal of addictions nursing|date=2013|volume=24|issue=4|pages=237-46|pmid=24335771}}</ref>。預防再次飲酒也會使用抗癮劑如[[雙硫侖]]、{{link-en|阿坎酸|Acamprosate}}或{{link-en|那曲酮|Naltrexone}}等藥物<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Testino|first1=G|last2=Leone|first2=S|last3=Borro|first3=P|title=Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption.|journal=Minerva medica|date=December 2014|volume=105|issue=6|pages=447-66|pmid=25392958}}</ref>。
事先預防養成酗酒的習慣可藉由酒類銷售的限制與規範,以及課{{link-en|酒精法|Alcohol law|稅}}來增加購買酒類的成本,以及提供較不昂貴的治療方式<ref>{{cite web|author1=World Health Organization|title=Alcohol|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/|accessdate=10 May 2015|date=January 2015}}</ref>。治療方式會有幾個步驟;因為在戒除的過程中會產生一些如{{link-en|酒精戒斷|Alcohol detoxification}}等醫療問題,必須小心控制。一個較普遍的做法是使用如[[地西泮]]等[[苯二氮平類藥物]],可用於經核准的醫療保健機構,或可嚴密監控患者的環境中<ref name="Blondell-2005">{{cite journal | author = Blondell RD | title = Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 495–502 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15712624 }}</ref>。若有其它的癮頭或精神上的疾病時,則會讓治療變得更複雜<ref>{{cite journal|last1=DeVido|first1=JJ|last2=Weiss|first2=RD|title=Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient.|journal=Current psychiatry reports|date=December 2012|volume=14|issue=6|pages=610-8|pmid=22907336}}</ref>。在幫助酗酒者遠離酒精的戒酒贊助計畫如[[團體心理治療|集體治療]]或{{link-en|支持團體|Support group|自助群體}}後<ref name="Morgan-Lopez-2006">{{cite journal | author = Morgan-Lopez AA, Fals-Stewart W | title = Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions | journal = Exp Clin Psychopharmacol | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–73 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16756430 | doi = 10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albanese|first1=AP|title=Management of alcohol abuse.|journal=Clinics in liver disease|date=November 2012|volume=16|issue=4|pages=737-62|pmid=23101980}}</ref>,[[匿名戒酒會]]是經常被使用的方式<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tusa|first1=AL|last2=Burgholzer|first2=JA|title=Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012.|journal=Journal of addictions nursing|date=2013|volume=24|issue=4|pages=237-46|pmid=24335771}}</ref>。預防再次飲酒也會使用抗癮劑如[[雙硫侖]]、{{link-en|阿坎酸|Acamprosate}}或{{link-en|那曲酮|Naltrexone}}等藥物<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Testino|first1=G|last2=Leone|first2=S|last3=Borro|first3=P|title=Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption.|journal=Minerva medica|date=December 2014|volume=105|issue=6|pages=447-66|pmid=25392958}}</ref>。

據[[世界衛生組織]] 估計,2010年全球有2.08億人酒精中毒(佔15歲以上人口的4.1%<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Pew2015>{{cite web|title=Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950-2050|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>)。在美國大約有1700萬(7%)的成人和70萬 (2.8%)12到17歲的青少年受到影響<ref name=NIH2015Stats>{{cite web|title=Alcohol Facts and Statistics|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref>。其中男性青壯年居多,中、老年的比例慢慢變少<ref name=DSM5/>。酒精中毒者的比率在非洲最低,只有1.1%,而 最高是在[[東歐]],有11%<ref name=DSM5/>。酒精中毒直接造成的死亡人數,從1990年的11.2萬人提高到2013年的13.9萬人<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}</ref>。一般相信,共330萬個死亡案例(佔所有死亡人數的5.9%)是肇因於酒精<ref name=NIH2015Stats/>。酒精中毒通常會減少個人10年的預期壽命<ref name=NIH2015Stats/>。2006年,它造成美國224億美金的經濟損失<ref name=NIH2015Stats/>。英語中有很多帶[[貶義]]的[[俚語]],習用於稱呼酒精中毒者,例如:{{lang|en|tippler, drunkard, dipsomaniac}}和{{lang|en|souse}}等<ref>{{cite book|title=Chambers English Thesaurus|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788186062043|page=175|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=IamKT5uk5lMC&pg=PA175}}</ref>。1979年,[[世界衛生組織]]曾建議用「酒精依賴症」({{lang|en|alcohol dependence syndrome}}),取代不精確的「酒精中毒」({{lang|en|alcoholism}}<ref name="ladtpwho">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/ |title=Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization |author=WHO |publisher=World Health Organisation }}</ref>)。


==參見==
==參見==

2015年7月13日 (一) 08:27的版本

酗酒(英語:alcoholism),又稱酒精使用疾患alcohol use disorder, AUD)或酒精依賴症候群alcohol dependence syndrome),其為飲用酒精所致相關問題的廣義用語[1][2][3],過去將之分成酒精濫用英语Alcohol abuse酒精依賴兩種主要類型[1][2]。在醫學領域中,酗酒是指當某人出現以下兩種或兩種以上的狀況時:長期飲入大量酒精且難以減量、耗費大量時間取得酒精飲入、強烈渴望酒精、使用酒精後喪失責任能力、使用後造成社交問題、使用酒精而引發健康問題、使用後造成危險的情境、停用酒精後發生戒斷、使用時產生酒精耐受性[2]。使用酒精會影響全身各部位,特別是腦部、心臟、肝臟、胰臟以及免疫系統,進而導致心理疾病科爾薩科夫氏症候群心律不整肝硬化,對於其他疾病則會增加癌症的風險[4][5]懷孕時飲用酒精會影響胎兒而導致胎兒酒精綜合症[6]。女性對於酒精造成身體與心理危害作用的感受性往往大於男性[7]

遺傳因子以及環境都有一半的機率互相影響導致酗酒。一個人若有父母或兄弟姊妹其中一位有酗酒情況發生,自己會比一般人高達三至四倍的機率成為酗酒者[4]。環境因素包含社會、文化與行為上的影響[8]。高狀況、焦慮以及廉價又垂手可得的酒精,會增加酗酒的機率[4][9]。人們會持續維持小部分的飲酒來避免或改善戒酒的後遺症,這種情形會持續數月才能戒酒[4]。醫療上的酗酒定義包含了身體與心理上的病症[10][11]。問卷調查與相關的血液測試可檢測出人們是否酗酒。更多的資訊則需由診斷來確診[4]

事先預防養成酗酒的習慣可藉由酒類銷售的限制與規範,以及課英语Alcohol law來增加購買酒類的成本,以及提供較不昂貴的治療方式[12]。治療方式會有幾個步驟;因為在戒除的過程中會產生一些如酒精戒斷英语Alcohol detoxification等醫療問題,必須小心控制。一個較普遍的做法是使用如地西泮苯二氮平類藥物,可用於經核准的醫療保健機構,或可嚴密監控患者的環境中[13]。若有其它的癮頭或精神上的疾病時,則會讓治療變得更複雜[14]。在幫助酗酒者遠離酒精的戒酒贊助計畫如集體治療自助群體英语Support group[15][16]匿名戒酒會是經常被使用的方式[17]。預防再次飲酒也會使用抗癮劑如雙硫侖阿坎酸那曲酮英语Naltrexone等藥物[18]

世界衛生組織 估計,2010年全球有2.08億人酒精中毒(佔15歲以上人口的4.1%[7][19])。在美國大約有1700萬(7%)的成人和70萬 (2.8%)12到17歲的青少年受到影響[20]。其中男性青壯年居多,中、老年的比例慢慢變少[4]。酒精中毒者的比率在非洲最低,只有1.1%,而 最高是在東歐,有11%[4]。酒精中毒直接造成的死亡人數,從1990年的11.2萬人提高到2013年的13.9萬人[21]。一般相信,共330萬個死亡案例(佔所有死亡人數的5.9%)是肇因於酒精[20]。酒精中毒通常會減少個人10年的預期壽命[20]。2006年,它造成美國224億美金的經濟損失[20]。英語中有很多帶貶義俚語,習用於稱呼酒精中毒者,例如:tippler, drunkard, dipsomaniacsouse[22]。1979年,世界衛生組織曾建議用「酒精依賴症」(alcohol dependence syndrome),取代不精確的「酒精中毒」(alcoholism[23])。

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Hasin, Deborah. Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/. December 2003 [28 February 2015]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5. November 2013 [9 May 2015]. 
  3. ^ Jill Littrell. Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism:volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse.. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2014: 55. ISBN 9781317783145. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Association, American Psychiatric. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. 5. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013: 490–497. ISBN 9780890425541. 
  5. ^ Alcohol's Effects on the Body. [9 May 2015]. 
  6. ^ Fetal Alcohol Exposure. [9 May 2015]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014: s8,51. ISBN 9789240692763. 
  8. ^ Agarwal-Kozlowski K, Agarwal DP. [Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]. Ther Umsch. April 2000, 57 (4): 179–84. PMID 10804873. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179. 
  9. ^ Moonat, S; Pandey, SC. Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism.. Alcohol research : current reviews. 2012, 34 (4): 495–505. PMID 23584115. 
  10. ^ Mersy, DJ. Recognition of alcohol and substance abuse.. American family physician. 1 April 2003, 67 (7): 1529–32. PMID 12722853. 
  11. ^ HEALTH AND ETHICS POLICIES OF THE AMA HOUSE OF DELEGATES (PDF): 33. June 2008 [10 May 2015]. H-30.997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism: The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (Res. 22, I-79; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-89; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-90; Reaffirmed by CSA Rep. 14, A-97; Reaffirmed: CSAPH Rep. 3, A-07)  参数|quote=值左起第184位存在換行符 (帮助)
  12. ^ World Health Organization. Alcohol. January 2015 [10 May 2015]. 
  13. ^ Blondell RD. Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence. Am Fam Physician. February 2005, 71 (3): 495–502. PMID 15712624. 
  14. ^ DeVido, JJ; Weiss, RD. Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient.. Current psychiatry reports. December 2012, 14 (6): 610–8. PMID 22907336. 
  15. ^ Morgan-Lopez AA, Fals-Stewart W. Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. May 2006, 14 (2): 265–73. PMID 16756430. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265. 
  16. ^ Albanese, AP. Management of alcohol abuse.. Clinics in liver disease. November 2012, 16 (4): 737–62. PMID 23101980. 
  17. ^ Tusa, AL; Burgholzer, JA. Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012.. Journal of addictions nursing. 2013, 24 (4): 237–46. PMID 24335771. 
  18. ^ Testino, G; Leone, S; Borro, P. Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption.. Minerva medica. December 2014, 105 (6): 447–66. PMID 25392958. 
  19. ^ Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950-2050. [10 May 2015]. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Alcohol Facts and Statistics. [9 May 2015]. 
  21. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 17 December 2014, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604可免费查阅. PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. 
  22. ^ Chambers English Thesaurus. Allied Publishers. : 175. ISBN 9788186062043. 
  23. ^ WHO. Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization. World Health Organisation. 

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