母乳微生物群：修订间差异
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== 來源 == |
== 來源 == |
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[[File:Graphic of bacterial phyla and 10 commonest genera in human milk.jpg|thumb|母乳中十種最常見的菌種]] |
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母乳 |
母乳是[[乳桿菌屬|乳酸菌]]的自然來源，初生嬰兒透過[[母乳餵養]]可以獲取乳酸菌，母乳也可視為是{{le|共生|Symbiosis}}食物<ref name="Martín_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martín R, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jimínez E, Marín ML, Xaus J, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM | display-authors = 6 | title = Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut | journal = The Journal of Pediatrics | volume = 143 | issue = 6 | pages = 754–8 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14657823 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.09.028 }}</ref>。健康母親的母乳中，正常細菌含量約為每毫升103{{le|菌落形成單位|Colony-forming unit}}（CFU）<ref name="Hunt_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hunt KM, Foster JA, Forney LJ, Schütte UM, Beck DL, Abdo Z, Fox LK, Williams JE, McGuire MK, McGuire MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = e21313 | date = 2011 | pmid = 21695057 | pmc = 3117882 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0021313 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...621313H }}</ref>。母乳中的菌種非常複雜<ref name="Hunt_2011" />。在所有母乳樣本中可檢測的超過100種可操作的{{le|分類單位|Taxonomy (biology)}}中，只有9種菌類是所有樣本共有的（[[鏈球菌]]，[[葡萄球菌]]，{{le|沙雷氏菌|Serratia}}，[[假单胞菌属|假單胞菌]]，[[棒狀桿菌]]，{{le|羅爾斯頓菌|Ralstonia}}，{{le|丙酸桿菌|Propionibacterium}}，[[鞘氨醇單胞菌]]和[[大腸桿菌科]]），但個別母體裏的母乳細菌群落多半都是穩定的<ref name="Soto_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soto A, Martín V, Jiménez E, Mader I, Rodríguez JM, Fernández L | title = Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk: influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors | journal = Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 78–88 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24590211 | pmc = 4086764 | doi = 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000347 }}</ref>。母乳是嬰兒腸道中葡萄球菌、鏈球菌、乳酸菌、{{le|雙歧桿菌|Bifidobacterium}}、丙酸桿菌、棒狀桿菌和其他相關[[革蘭氏陽性菌]]的來源<ref name="Fernández_2013" />。 |
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== 特點 == |
== 特點 == |
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2019年10月28日 (一) 04:43的版本
母乳微生物群（human milk microbiota）也稱為母乳益生菌，是在人類母乳及乳腺中的微生物群[1]。以往曾認為母乳無菌[1][2]，不過近來不論透過微生物培養，或是其他的技術，都已確定母乳中含有許多和人類微生物群系不同的细菌群[3][4][5]。
母乳微生物群可能是嬰兒體內，偏利共生、互利共生，或潛在益生菌之腸道菌群的來源[2]。世界卫生组织（WHO）對益生菌的定義是：「當達到足夠數量時，能對宿主的健康有益的微生物。」[6]。
來源
母乳是乳酸菌的自然來源，初生嬰兒透過母乳餵養可以獲取乳酸菌，母乳也可視為是共生食物[7]。健康母親的母乳中，正常細菌含量約為每毫升103菌落形成單位（CFU）[8]。母乳中的菌種非常複雜[8]。在所有母乳樣本中可檢測的超過100種可操作的分類單位中，只有9種菌類是所有樣本共有的（鏈球菌，葡萄球菌，沙雷氏菌，假單胞菌，棒狀桿菌，羅爾斯頓菌，丙酸桿菌，鞘氨醇單胞菌和大腸桿菌科），但個別母體裏的母乳細菌群落多半都是穩定的[9]。母乳是嬰兒腸道中葡萄球菌、鏈球菌、乳酸菌、雙歧桿菌、丙酸桿菌、棒狀桿菌和其他相關革蘭氏陽性菌的來源[2]。
特點
母乳一直被視爲無菌的，直至十多年前科學家首次從健康母親的乾净母乳中發現乳酸菌的存在。[3] 研究指出母乳中的多個菌類，包括乳桿菌屬，葡萄球菌屬，腸球菌屬和雙歧桿菌屬的細菌菌株，會透過母乳喂哺傳到嬰兒體内，因此由母乳喂哺的嬰兒的腸道微生物群成分與其母親的母乳成分相近似。[1] 研究亦指出母乳及嬰兒腸道微生物群具有相似性，增加人體母乳益生菌在飲食上的接觸有著支持嬰兒腸道微生物群的發展，以及對嬰兒免疫系統發展作出貢獻。[10]
人體母乳益生菌會收到不同因素的影響，例如母親自身的BMI、嬰兒性別、生產方式及母乳喂哺模式等等。[11][12] 有研究表明，在懷孕和哺乳期間未接受任何抗生素治療的婦女的母乳中有更多的乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌含量。[5]
在所有母乳細菌當中，乳桿菌為最常見的菌種，並且由於其潛在的益生菌作用而受到關注。在乳桿菌種裏面，有三個具益生菌作用的品系能夠益生菌作用獨立分隔出來，分別是發酵乳桿菌 CECT5716、加氏乳桿菌 CECT5714 和唾液乳桿菌CECT5713。[13]
發酵乳桿菌是人類母乳中最常見的菌類之一[5]，它是在1994年從人類糞便樣本分析中發現的，對消化道酸鹼度及膽汁具有極高的耐受性，對於其益生菌作用極爲明顯。[14] 由於其免疫增強和抗微生物能力，發酵乳桿菌的抗感染特性亦見顯赫。[15]
乳腺炎是與哺乳有關的常見炎症性疾病。 兩項不同的研究表明，發酵乳桿菌可以通過減少被認爲是致病因素的鏈球菌屬數量來改善乳腺炎狀況。[11] 發酵乳桿菌除了對孕婦及哺乳中的婦女有益處外，亦可以有助減低嬰兒腸道及上呼吸道感染風險。[5]
唾液乳桿菌CECT5713源於一個月大由母乳喂哺嬰孩的糞便樣本中抽取而來，研究指出由母乳喂哺的嬰孩的腸道微生物群反映了其母親的乳汁細菌成分。經過RAPD和PFGE 分析顯示唾液乳桿菌CECT5713存在於天然母乳中。唾液乳桿菌CECT5713會生產乙酸鹽，L-乳酸鹽和過氧化氫，或有助解釋其在研究中對大部分標記生物的抗菌活性功效。再者，唾液乳桿菌CECT5713在模擬腸道極端環境下仍有高存活率。[16]
加氏乳桿菌 CECT5714是從腸道樣本中抽取而來，屬於嗜酸乳桿菌複合物的一種，被廣泛運用於不同的乳製品中，例如乳酪。一個雙盲隨機對照研究發現加氏乳桿菌 CECT5714對過敏反應中涉及的免疫參數有其影響，例如減少血漿中IgE的數量和增加調節性T細胞。含有加氏乳桿菌CECT5714的益生菌產品還增強了先天性和特異性免疫參數，可以改善普遍兒童的健康狀況。[17]
相關條目
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Gomez-Gallego C, Garcia-Mantrana I, Salminen S, Collado MC. The human milk microbiome and factors influencing its composition and activity. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. December 2016, 21 (6): 400–405. PMID 27286644. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2016.05.003.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Fernández L, Langa S, Martín V, Maldonado A, Jiménez E, Martín R, Rodríguez JM. The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacological Research. March 2013, 69 (1): 1–10. PMID 22974824. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.001.
- ^ Martín R, Jiménez E, Heilig H, Fernández L, Marín ML, Zoetendal EG, Rodríguez JM. Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. February 2009, 75 (4): 965–9. PMC 2643565
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- ^ Díaz-Ropero MP, Martín R, Sierra S, Lara-Villoslada F, Rodríguez JM, Xaus J, Olivares M. Two Lactobacillus strains, isolated from breast milk, differently modulate the immune response. Journal of Applied Microbiology. February 2007, 102 (2): 337–43. PMID 17241338. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03102.x.
- ^ Collado MC, Delgado S, Maldonado A, Rodríguez JM. Assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk of healthy women by quantitative real-time PCR. Letters in Applied Microbiology. May 2009, 48 (5): 523–8. PMID 19228290. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02567.x.
- ^ Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization Expert Consultation. Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of powder milk and live lactic acid bacteria. (报告). Córdoba, Argentina: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. 2001.
- ^ Martín R, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jimínez E, Marín ML, Xaus J, et al. Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. The Journal of Pediatrics. December 2003, 143 (6): 754–8. PMID 14657823. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.09.028.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Hunt KM, Foster JA, Forney LJ, Schütte UM, Beck DL, Abdo Z, et al. Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLOS ONE. 2011, 6 (6): e21313. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621313H. PMC 3117882 . PMID 21695057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021313.
- ^ Soto A, Martín V, Jiménez E, Mader I, Rodríguez JM, Fernández L. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk: influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. July 2014, 59 (1): 78–88. PMC 4086764 . PMID 24590211. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000347.
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- ^ [7]Munblit D, Peroni DG, Boix-Amoros A, Hsu PS, Van't Land B, Gay MCL, et al. Human milk and allergic diseases: an unsolved puzzle. Nutrients (2017) 9: E894. 10.3390/nu9080894
- ^ [8]Moossavi S, Khafipour E, Sepehri S, Robertson B, Bode L, Becker AB, et al. Maternal and early life factors influencing the human milk microbiota in the child cohort. In: Poster Session Presented at: Canadian Society of Microbiololists. Waterloo, ON: (2017)
- ^ [9]Lara-Villoslada F et al. Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk. British Journal of Nutrition 2007; 98(1): 96-100
- ^ [10]Maldonado, Cañabate, Sempere, Vela, Sánchez, Narbona, . . . Lara-Villoslada. (2012). Human Milk Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 Reduces the Incidence of Gastrointestinal and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 54(1), 55-61.
- ^ [11]Arroyo R, Martin V, Maldonado A, et al. Treatment of infectious mastitis during lactation: Antibiotics versus oral administration of lactobacilli isolated from breast milk. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;50(12):1551-1558
- ^ [12]] Martı´n R. et al. Lactobacillus salivarius CECT 5713, a potential probiotic strain isolated from infant feces and breast milk of a mother–child pair. International Journal of Food Microbiology (2006); (112)1: 35-43
- ^ [13]Martínez‐Cañavate A. et al. A probiotic dairy product containing L. gasseri CECT5714 and L. coryniformis CECT5711 induces immunological changes in children suffering from allergy. PAI (2009); 20(6): 592-600
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