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Z世代：修订间差异

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'''Z世代'''（Generation Z，簡稱Gen Z，英語[[俗稱]]作zoomers）<ref name="Wordswatching2">{{cite web|date=October 2021|title=Words We're Watching: 'Zoomer'|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/words-were-watching-zoomer-gen-z|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211104338/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/words-were-watching-zoomer-gen-z|archive-date=February 11, 2020|access-date=October 25, 2021|website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref><ref name="zoomer Dictionary.com">{{cite web|title=zoomer|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/zoomer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126150616/https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/zoomer/|archive-date=January 26, 2021|access-date=14 June 2020|website=Dictionary.com}}</ref>，是[[Y世代]]之後、[[阿法世代]]之前之人口統計群體。 研究人員和大眾媒體將1990年代中後期作為開始出生年份，將 2010 年代初作為結束出生年份。 Z 世代的大多數成員都是[[X世代]]的子女。<ref>{{cite web|date=26 August 2021|title=Who Are the Parents of Gen Z?|url=https://www.signalvine.com/texting-best-practices/who-are-the-parents-of-gen-z-2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407075919/https://www.signalvine.com/texting-best-practices/who-are-the-parents-of-gen-z-2|archive-date=April 7, 2022|access-date=10 March 2022|website=Signal Vine}}</ref>
[[File:Children at school (8720604364).jpg|thumb|Z世代是最早一代在小时候就受益于互联网的普及的一代。]]

'''Z世代'''（{{Lang-en|Generation Z}}，或縮寫為Gen Z）是起源於[[歐美]]的用語，但在[[大中华地区]]也较为流行，特指在[[1990年代]]中後期至[[2010年代]]前期出生的人。華人有稱為「千禧寶寶」。一般來說，他們主要是[[X世代]]的小孩，但也有較年輕的[[Y世代]]、[[嬰兒潮]]世代的小孩。他們又被稱為M世代（多工世代，multitasking）、C世代（連結世代，Connected Generation）、網路世代（Net）、網際網路世代（the Internet Generation）。Z世代受到[[網際網路]]、[[即時通訊]]、[[簡訊]]、[[MP3播放器]]、[[手機]]、[[智慧手機]]、[[平板電腦]]等科技產物，影響很大。Z世代是自小同時生活在電子虛擬、現實世界的原生世代，而[[兒童]]、[[青少年]]時期經歷智慧手機的問世、[[社群媒體]]發展。由科技發展形塑的社群關係與價值觀深深影響了此世代的自我認同。近年，關於此世代在職場上與其他世代人們的互動關係受到廣泛關注，其中Z世代以其獨特的文化與能力，為組織注入活水，但亦有許多方面的矛盾浮現，如：
作為首代從小接觸[[互聯網]]和數位行動裝置的社會群體，Z世代的成員即使不一定具備[[數位素養]]，也被稱為“[[數位原住民]]”。<ref name="turner">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Anthony |year=2015 |title=Generation Z: Technology And Social Interest |journal=Journal of Individual Psychology |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=103–113 |doi=10.1353/jip.2015.0021 |s2cid=146564218}}</ref><ref name="Twenge-2017">{{Cite news|last=Twenge|first=Jean|date=October 19, 2017|title=Teens are sleeping less – but there's a surprisingly easy fix|work=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/teens-are-sleeping-less-but-theres-a-surprisingly-easy-fix-85157|access-date=November 11, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042641/https://theconversation.com/teens-are-sleeping-less-but-theres-a-surprisingly-easy-fix-85157|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Strauss-2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2019/11/16/todays-kids-may-be-digital-natives-new-study-shows-they-arent-close-being-computer-literate/?outputType=amp|title=Today's kids might be digital natives — but a new study shows they aren't close to being computer literate|last=Strauss|first=Valerie|date=November 16, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=November 21, 2019|department=Education|archive-date=November 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117165337/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2019/11/16/todays-kids-may-be-digital-natives-new-study-shows-they-arent-close-being-computer-literate/?outputType=amp|url-status=live}}</ref> 此外，與較年幼者相比，長時間使用數位產品的負面影響在青少年中最為明顯。<ref name="Adelantado-Renau-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Adelantado-Renau |first1=Mireia |last2=Moliner-Urdiales |first2=Diego |last3=Cavero-Redondo |first3=Iván |last4=Beltran-Valls |first4=Maria Reyes |last5=Martínez-Vizcaíno |first5=Vicente |last6=Álvarez-Bueno |first6=Celia |display-authors=2 |date=September 23, 2019 |title=Association Between Screen Media Use and Academic Performance Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=173 |issue=11 |pages=1058–1067 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3176 |hdl=10234/186798 |pmc=6764013 |pmid=31545344}}</ref> 與前幾代人相比，Z世代的成員在同齡時往往比他們的前輩生活得更慢<ref name="Economist-2018">{{Cite news|date=January 10, 2018|title=Teenagers are better behaved and less hedonistic nowadays|newspaper=The Economist|department=International|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2018/01/10/teenagers-are-better-behaved-and-less-hedonistic-nowadays|access-date=September 29, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919200157/https://www.economist.com/international/2018/01/10/teenagers-are-better-behaved-and-less-hedonistic-nowadays|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Twenge|first=Jean|date=September 19, 2017|title=Why today's teens aren't in any hurry to grow up|work=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/why-todays-teens-arent-in-any-hurry-to-grow-up-83920|access-date=November 13, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115174603/https://theconversation.com/why-todays-teens-arent-in-any-hurry-to-grow-up-83920|url-status=live}}</ref>；[[未成年懷孕]]率較低；減少飲酒（但[[精神藥物]]使用則不一定）。<ref name="Schepis-2020">{{Cite news|last=Schepis|first=Ty|date=November 19, 2020|title=College-age kids and teens are drinking less alcohol – marijuana is a different story|work=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/college-age-kids-and-teens-are-drinking-less-alcohol-marijuana-is-a-different-story-149895|access-date=November 21, 2020|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121005043/https://theconversation.com/college-age-kids-and-teens-are-drinking-less-alcohol-marijuana-is-a-different-story-149895|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hymas-2020">{{Cite news|last=Hymas|first=Charles|date=December 9, 2020|title=Generation Z swap drink for drugs as class A use by 16-24-year-olds rises by half in seven years|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/12/09/generation-z-swap-drink-drugs-class-use-16-24-year-olds-rises/|url-status=live|access-date=December 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210113519/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/12/09/generation-z-swap-drink-drugs-class-use-16-24-year-olds-rises/|archive-date=December 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chandler-Wilde-2020">{{Cite news|last=Chandler-Wilde|first=Helen|date=2020-08-06|title=The future of Gen Z's mental health: How to fix the 'unhappiest generation ever'|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/mind/future-gen-zs-mental-health-fix-unhappiest-generation-ever/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/mind/future-gen-zs-mental-health-fix-unhappiest-generation-ever/|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-08|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2020-08-06|title=How to fix the 'unhappiest generation ever'|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/headlines/2020/aug/how-fix-unhappiest-generation-ever|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926151426/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/headlines/2020/aug/how-fix-unhappiest-generation-ever|archive-date=September 26, 2020|access-date=2020-08-08|website=UCL News|language=en}}</ref> Z 世代的青少年比先前世代更關心學業成績和工作前景<ref name="Economist-2019">{{Cite news|date=2019-02-27|title=Generation Z is stressed, depressed and exam-obsessed|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/02/27/generation-z-is-stressed-depressed-and-exam-obsessed|url-access=subscription|access-date=2019-03-28|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328223442/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/02/27/generation-z-is-stressed-depressed-and-exam-obsessed|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Economist-2018" />，且比1960年代的同齡人更擅長[[延遲滿足]]，儘管大眾不這樣認為。<ref name="Protzko-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Protzko |first=John |date=May–June 2020 |title=Kids These Days! Increasing delay of gratification ability over the past 50 years in children |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101451 |url-status=live |journal=Intelligence |volume=80 |issue=101451 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2020.101451 |s2cid=218789047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203075832/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289620300295?via%3Dihub |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> 青少年中的[[性簡訊]]越來越普遍；對此現象之研究理解仍十分欠缺。<ref name="DelRey-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Del Rey |first1=Rosario |last2=Ojeda |first2=Mónica |last3=Casas |first3=José A. |last4=Mora-Merchán |first4=Joaquín A. |last5=Elipe |first5=Paz |date=August 21, 2019 |editor-last=Rey |editor-first=Lourdes |title=Sexting Among Adolescents: The Emotional Impact and Influence of the Need for Popularity |department=Educational Psychology |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=10 |issue=1828 |page=1828 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01828 |pmc=6712510 |pmid=31496968 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 此外，Z 世代[[次文化]]一直相對低調但未消失。<ref name="Petridis-2014">{{Cite news|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=March 20, 2014|title=Youth subcultures: what are they now?|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/mar/20/youth-subcultures-where-have-they-gone|access-date=January 4, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122160414/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/mar/20/youth-subcultures-where-have-they-gone|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Watts-2017">{{Cite news|last=Watts|first=Peter|date=April 10, 2017|title=Is Youth Culture A Thing of the Past?|work=Apollo|url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/is-youth-culture-a-thing-of-the-past/|access-date=January 4, 2021|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107035622/https://www.apollo-magazine.com/is-youth-culture-a-thing-of-the-past/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*工作時間與場所：不同於較為規律的前一代，Z世代較為任務導向，不拘工作場所、時間。

*溝通：即時訊息，迅速反應的特性，與年長世代不同，彼此期待不同，時有爭執。
在全球範圍內，有證據表明，與20世紀相比，女性進入[[青春期]]的平均年齡已大大降低，這對她們的福祉和未來產生了影響。<ref name="Weir-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=March 2016 |title=The risks of earlier puberty |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/puberty |url-status=live |journal=Monitor |publisher=American Psychological Association |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917125558/https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/puberty |archive-date=September 17, 2022 |access-date=December 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lamothe-2018">{{Cite web|last=Lamothe|first=Cindy|date=June 12, 2018|title=The health risks of maturing early|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180611-the-health-risks-of-girls-maturing-early|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125030648/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180611-the-health-risks-of-girls-maturing-early|archive-date=January 25, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=BBC Future}}</ref><ref name="U-Southampton-2005">{{Cite news|last=University Of Southampton|date=December 1, 2005|title=New Research Shows How Evolution Explains Age Of Puberty|work=Science Daily|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051201022811.htm|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=February 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201125219/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051201022811.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hochberg-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Hochberg |first1=Ze′ev |last2=Konner |first2=Melvin |year=2020 |title=Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=10 |issue=918 |page=918 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2019.00918 |pmc=6970937 |pmid=31993019 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Eckert-Lind-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Eckert-Lind |first1=Camilla |last2=Busch |first2=Alexander S. |last3=Petersen |first3=Jørgen H. |last4=Biro |first4=Frank M. |last5=Butler |first5=Gary |last6=Bräuner |first6=Elvira V. |last7=Juul |first7=Anders |year=2020 |title=Worldwide Secular Trends in Age at Pubertal Onset Assessed by Breast Development Among Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=174 |issue=4 |pages=e195881 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5881 |pmc=7042934 |pmid=32040143}}</ref> 此外，Z 世代的[[過敏]]症患病率高於整體人群<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/10/03/the-prevalence-of-peanut-allergy-has-trebled-in-15-years?cid1=cust%2Fdailypicks1%2Fn%2Fbl%2Fn%2F2019103n%2Fowned%2Fn%2Fn%2Fdailypicks1%2Fn%2Fn%2FNA%2F319028%2Fn|title=The prevalence of peanut allergy has trebled in 15 years|last=Graphic Detail|date=October 3, 2019|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=October 3, 2019|department=Daily Chart|archive-date=October 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004004124/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/10/03/the-prevalence-of-peanut-allergy-has-trebled-in-15-years%3Fcid1%3Dcust/dailypicks1/n/bl/n/2019103n/owned/n/n/dailypicks1/n/n/NA/319028/n|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NationalPost-2019">{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/health/why-everybody-is-suddenly-allergic-to-everything|title=Why everybody is suddenly allergic to everything|date=July 30, 2019|work=National Post|access-date=November 24, 2019|department=Health|archive-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926151054/https://nationalpost.com/health/why-everybody-is-suddenly-allergic-to-everything|url-status=live}}</ref>；對[[心理健康]]狀況的認識和診斷更多<ref>{{Cite news|last=American Psychological Association|date=March 15, 2019|title=Mental health issues increased significantly in young adults over last decade|work=Science Daily|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190315110908.htm|access-date=December 31, 2020|archive-date=December 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220065704/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190315110908.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schraer-2019">{{Cite news|last=Schraer|first=Rachel|date=February 11, 2019|title=Is young people's mental health getting worse?|publisher=BBC|department=Health|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47133338|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105183557/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47133338|url-status=live}}</ref>，[[睡眠剝奪]]更常被發現。<ref name="Twenge-2017" /><ref name="Kansagra-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Kansagra |first=Sujay |date=May 2020 |title=Sleep Disorders in Adolescents |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/145/Supplement_2/S204 |url-status=live |journal=Pediatrics |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |volume=145 |issue=Supplement 2 |pages=S204–S209 |doi=10.1542/peds.2019-2056I |pmid=32358212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729044548/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/145/Supplement_2/S204 |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="U-Rochester-2020">{{Cite news|last=University of Rochester|date=January 9, 2020|title=Parents aren't powerless when it comes to sleep-deprived teenagers|work=Science Daily|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200109130203.htm|access-date=January 1, 2021|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417175707/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200109130203.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 在許多國家，Z世代比先前世代更容易被診斷出患有[[智能障礙]]和[[精神疾患]]。<ref name="Maulik-2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Maulik |first1=Pallab K. |last2=Mascarenhas |first2=Maya N. |last3=Mathers |first3=Colin D. |last4=Dua |first4=Tarun |last5=Saxena |first5=Shekhar |year=2011 |title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0891422210003082 |url-status=live |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=419–436 |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018 |pmid=21236634 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926151456/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0891422210003082 |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |access-date=September 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Buckley-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Buckley |first1=Nicholas |last2=Glasson |first2=Emma J. |last3=Chen |first3=Wai |display-authors=2 |date=May 30, 2020 |title=Prevalence estimates of mental health problems in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |publisher=The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=970–984 |doi=10.1177/0004867420924101 |pmid=32475125 |s2cid=219170827 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*組織性：Z世代熱衷諸如任務編組，專案合作等機動性方式，與過去面對面會議，傳統電郵電話溝通方式的習慣不同。

*資訊來源：比起上個世代傾向求教[[權威]]，Z世代更依賴網路搜尋而來的資訊<ref>天下雜誌2017年4月26日～5月9日 專欄文章 <Z世代來了！世代衝突怎麼解> 鄭志凱 著</ref>。
在世界範圍內，Z世代的成員花在數位裝置上的時間比先前世代多，閱讀時間則相對減少<ref name="Thomas-2019">{{Cite news|last=Thomas|first=Leigh|date=December 3, 2019|title=Education levels stagnating despite higher spending: OECD survey|work=Reuters|department=World News|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oecd-education/education-levels-stagnating-despite-higher-spending-oecd-survey-idUSKBN1Y70Q8|access-date=February 5, 2020|archive-date=February 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205193120/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oecd-education/education-levels-stagnating-despite-higher-spending-oecd-survey-idUSKBN1Y70Q8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson-2020">{{Cite news|last=Ferguson|first=Donna|date=February 29, 2020|title=Children are reading less than ever before, research reveals|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/feb/29/children-reading-less-says-new-research|access-date=November 7, 2020|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101045021/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/feb/29/children-reading-less-says-new-research|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sliwa|first=Jim|date=August 20, 2018|title=Teens Today Spend More Time on Digital Media, Less Time Reading|work=American Psychological Association|url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/08/teenagers-read-book|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101124343/https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/08/teenagers-read-book|url-status=live}}</ref>，這對他們的[[注意長度|注意力持續時間]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-04-18|title=How Technology Affects the Attention Span of Children|url=https://www.yourtherapysource.com/blog1/2019/04/18/how-technology-affects-the-attention-span-of-children-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417162809/https://www.yourtherapysource.com/blog1/2019/04/18/how-technology-affects-the-attention-span-of-children-2/|archive-date=April 17, 2021|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Your Therapy Source}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Too Much Screen Time?|url=https://5210.psu.edu/too-much-screen-time/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417173522/https://5210.psu.edu/too-much-screen-time/|archive-date=April 17, 2021|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Penn State University}}</ref>、[[詞彙]]<ref name="Massey-U-2010">{{Cite news|last=Massey University|date=September 20, 2010|title=Vocabulary on decline due to fewer books|work=Phys.org|department=Social Sciences|url=https://phys.org/news/2010-09-vocabulary-decline-due.html|access-date=November 7, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126181459/https://phys.org/news/2010-09-vocabulary-decline-due.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Adams|first=Richard|date=April 19, 2018|title=Teachers in UK report growing 'vocabulary deficiency'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/apr/19/teachers-in-uk-report-growing-vocabulary-deficiency|access-date=November 11, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033525/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/apr/19/teachers-in-uk-report-growing-vocabulary-deficiency|url-status=live}}</ref>、學業成就<ref>{{Cite news|last=Busby|first=Eleanor|date=April 19, 2018|title=Children's grades at risk because they have narrow vocabulary, finds report|work=The Independent|department=Education|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/child-vocabulary-literacy-reading-word-primary-schools-a8311676.html|access-date=November 22, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024047/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/child-vocabulary-literacy-reading-word-primary-schools-a8311676.html|url-status=live}}</ref>，以及未來的經濟貢獻<ref name="Thomas-2019" />造成影響。在亞洲，2000年代和2010年代的教育工作者通常尋找並培養頂尖學生；在西歐和美國，重點是表現不佳的人。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Tom |date=September 7, 2016 |title=How to raise a genius: lessons from a 45-year study of super-smart children |journal=Nature |volume=537 |issue=7619 |pages=152–155 |bibcode=2016Natur.537..152C |doi=10.1038/537152a |pmid=27604932 |s2cid=4459557 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 此外，[[東亞]]和[[新加坡]]學生在2010年代的國際標準化考試中始終名列前茅。<ref name="Chhor-2016">{{Cite news|last=Chhor|first=Khatya|date=December 8, 2016|title=French students rank last in EU for maths, study finds|work=France24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20161129-french-students-rank-last-europe-eu-maths-science-timss-study|access-date=December 9, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130227/https://www.france24.com/en/20161129-french-students-rank-last-europe-eu-maths-science-timss-study|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Alphonso|first=Caroline|date=December 3, 2019|title=Canadian high school students among top performers in reading, according to new international ranking|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-canadian-high-school-students-among-top-performers-in-reading/|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203165458/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-canadian-high-school-students-among-top-performers-in-reading/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=DeSilver|first=Drew|date=February 15, 2017|title=U.S. students' academic achievement still lags that of their peers in many other countries|work=Pew Research Center|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/15/u-s-students-internationally-math-science/|access-date=November 21, 2020|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120124120/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/15/u-s-students-internationally-math-science/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Wai|first1=Jonathan|last2=Makel|first2=Matthew C.|date=September 4, 2015|title=How do academic prodigies spend their time and why does that matter?|work=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/how-do-academic-prodigies-spend-their-time-and-why-does-that-matter-46594|access-date=December 19, 2020|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123215628/https://theconversation.com/how-do-academic-prodigies-spend-their-time-and-why-does-that-matter-46594|url-status=live}}</ref>

作為[[消費者]]，他們的總體購買行為偏離了[[民意調查]]中通常與他們相關的理想和[[價值觀]]。<ref name="Economist-2023a">{{Cite news|date=January 19, 2023|title=How to sell to the young|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2023/01/19/how-to-sell-to-the-young|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.ph/SLnKq|archive-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Economist-2023b">{{Cite news|date=January 16, 2023|title=How the young spend their money|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2023/01/16/how-the-young-spend-their-money|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.ph/MDZ83|archive-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Reice-2021">{{Cite news|last=Reice|first=Alex|date=December 1, 2021|title=The most eco-conscious generation? Gen Z's fashion fixation suggests otherwise.|work=The Week|url=https://theweek.com/culture/1007212/gen-zs-fast-fashion-hypocrisy|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.ph/1fUYF|archive-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref>


==參見==
==參見==
第13行： 第16行：


==參考文獻==
==參考文獻==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}
*{{Cite book|title=Zconomy: How Gen Z Will Change the Future of Business―and What to Do About It|last=R. Dorsey|first=Jason|publisher=Harper Business|year=2020|isbn=978-0062970299|last2=Villa|first2=Denise}}
*{{Cite book|title=Zconomy: How Gen Z Will Change the Future of Business―and What to Do About It|last=R. Dorsey|first=Jason|publisher=Harper Business|year=2020|isbn=978-0062970299|last2=Villa|first2=Denise}}

{{青壯年的發展}}
{{青壯年的發展}}

[[Category:2000年代新創詞語]]
[[Category:2000年代新創詞語]]
[[Category:以出生年代劃分的特定人群稱謂]]
[[Category:以出生年代劃分的特定人群稱謂]]

2023年4月3日 (一) 15:28的版本

西方世界的主要世代

Z世代（Generation Z，簡稱Gen Z，英語俗稱作zoomers）[1][2]，是Y世代之後、阿法世代之前之人口統計群體。 研究人員和大眾媒體將1990年代中後期作為開始出生年份，將 2010 年代初作為結束出生年份。 Z 世代的大多數成員都是X世代的子女。[3]

作為首代從小接觸互聯網和數位行動裝置的社會群體，Z世代的成員即使不一定具備數位素養，也被稱為“數位原住民”。[4][5][6] 此外，與較年幼者相比，長時間使用數位產品的負面影響在青少年中最為明顯。[7] 與前幾代人相比，Z世代的成員在同齡時往往比他們的前輩生活得更慢[8][9]；未成年懷孕率較低；減少飲酒（但精神藥物使用則不一定）。[10][11][12][13] Z 世代的青少年比先前世代更關心學業成績和工作前景[14][8]，且比1960年代的同齡人更擅長延遲滿足，儘管大眾不這樣認為。[15] 青少年中的性簡訊越來越普遍；對此現象之研究理解仍十分欠缺。[16] 此外，Z 世代次文化一直相對低調但未消失。[17][18]

在全球範圍內，有證據表明，與20世紀相比，女性進入青春期的平均年齡已大大降低，這對她們的福祉和未來產生了影響。[19][20][21][22][23] 此外，Z 世代的過敏症患病率高於整體人群[24][25]；對心理健康狀況的認識和診斷更多[26][27]，睡眠剝奪更常被發現。[5][28][29] 在許多國家，Z世代比先前世代更容易被診斷出患有智能障礙和精神疾患。[30][31]

在世界範圍內，Z世代的成員花在數位裝置上的時間比先前世代多，閱讀時間則相對減少[32][33][34]，這對他們的注意力持續時間[35][36]、詞彙[37][38]、學業成就[39]，以及未來的經濟貢獻[32]造成影響。在亞洲，2000年代和2010年代的教育工作者通常尋找並培養頂尖學生；在西歐和美國，重點是表現不佳的人。[40] 此外，東亞和新加坡學生在2010年代的國際標準化考試中始終名列前茅。[41][42][43][44]

作為消費者，他們的總體購買行為偏離了民意調查中通常與他們相關的理想和價值觀。[45][46][47]

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Words We're Watching: 'Zoomer'. Merriam-Webster. October 2021 [October 25, 2021]. （原始内容存档于February 11, 2020）. 
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  3. ^ Who Are the Parents of Gen Z?. Signal Vine. 26 August 2021 [10 March 2022]. （原始内容存档于April 7, 2022）. 
  4. ^ Turner, Anthony. Generation Z: Technology And Social Interest. Journal of Individual Psychology. 2015, 71 (2): 103–113. S2CID 146564218. doi:10.1353/jip.2015.0021. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Twenge, Jean. Teens are sleeping less – but there's a surprisingly easy fix. The Conversation. October 19, 2017 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 12, 2020）. 
  6. ^ Strauss, Valerie. Today's kids might be digital natives — but a new study shows they aren't close to being computer literate. Education. The Washington Post. November 16, 2019 [November 21, 2019]. （原始内容存档于November 17, 2019）. 
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  9. ^ Twenge, Jean. Why today's teens aren't in any hurry to grow up. The Conversation. September 19, 2017 [November 13, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 15, 2020）. 
  10. ^ Schepis, Ty. College-age kids and teens are drinking less alcohol – marijuana is a different story. The Conversation. November 19, 2020 [November 21, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 21, 2020）. 
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  13. ^ UCL. How to fix the 'unhappiest generation ever'. UCL News. 2020-08-06 [2020-08-08]. （原始内容存档于September 26, 2020） （英语）. 
  14. ^ Generation Z is stressed, depressed and exam-obsessed需要付费订阅. The Economist. 2019-02-27 [2019-03-28]. ISSN 0013-0613. （原始内容存档于March 28, 2019）. 
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  16. ^ Del Rey, Rosario; Ojeda, Mónica; Casas, José A.; Mora-Merchán, Joaquín A.; Elipe, Paz. Rey, Lourdes , 编. Sexting Among Adolescents: The Emotional Impact and Influence of the Need for Popularity. Educational Psychology. Frontiers in Psychology. August 21, 2019, 10 (1828): 1828. PMC 6712510 可免费查阅. PMID 31496968. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01828 可免费查阅. 
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  31. ^ Buckley, Nicholas; Glasson, Emma J.; et al. Prevalence estimates of mental health problems in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists). May 30, 2020, 54 (10): 970–984. PMID 32475125. S2CID 219170827. doi:10.1177/0004867420924101 可免费查阅. 
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  38. ^ Adams, Richard. Teachers in UK report growing 'vocabulary deficiency'. The Guardian. April 19, 2018 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 12, 2020）. 
  39. ^ Busby, Eleanor. Children's grades at risk because they have narrow vocabulary, finds report. Education. The Independent. April 19, 2018 [November 22, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 9, 2020）. 
  40. ^ Clynes, Tom. How to raise a genius: lessons from a 45-year study of super-smart children. Nature. September 7, 2016, 537 (7619): 152–155. Bibcode:2016Natur.537..152C. PMID 27604932. S2CID 4459557. doi:10.1038/537152a 可免费查阅. 
  41. ^ Chhor, Khatya. French students rank last in EU for maths, study finds. France24. December 8, 2016 [December 9, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 8, 2020）. 
  42. ^ Alphonso, Caroline. Canadian high school students among top performers in reading, according to new international ranking. The Globe and Mail. December 3, 2019 [November 13, 2019]. （原始内容存档于December 3, 2019）. 
  43. ^ DeSilver, Drew. U.S. students' academic achievement still lags that of their peers in many other countries. Pew Research Center. February 15, 2017 [November 21, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 20, 2020）. 
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  46. ^ How the young spend their money. The Economist. January 16, 2023 [January 29, 2023]. （原始内容存档于January 28, 2023）. 
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  • R. Dorsey, Jason; Villa, Denise. Zconomy: How Gen Z Will Change the Future of Business―and What to Do About It. Harper Business. 2020. ISBN 978-0062970299. 
青壯年的發展
人生階段或事件
對世代的稱呼
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心理或社交相关问题
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