歐洲議會選舉:修订间差异
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[[File:European-parliament-strasbourg-inside.jpg|thumb|歐洲議會位在[[法國]][[斯特拉斯堡]]路易斯懷斯樓]] |
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|G1=Toponym |
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[[File:9th EU Parliament Composition 11-7-2019.svg|thumb|[[Political groups of the European Parliament]] in the [[Louise Weiss building]] after the [[2019 European Parliament election|2019 election]]: |
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|G2=European Union |
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{{legend|#3366FF|歐洲人民黨 ([[w:en:European People's Party (European Parliament group)|EPP]])}} |
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}} |
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{{legend|#FF3333|Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ([[w:en:Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats|S&D]])}} |
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{{Expand English|Elections to the European Parliament|time=2023-11-05T02:11:16+00:00}} |
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{{legend|#FFCC00|Renew Europe ([[w:en:Renew Europe|Renew]])}} |
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{{In use}} |
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{{legend|#33CC33|European Greens–European Free Alliance ([[w:en:European Greens–European Free Alliance|Greens/EFA]])}} |
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{{For|最近的歐洲議會選舉|2019年歐洲議會選舉}} |
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{{legend|#2B3856|Identity and Democracy ([[w:en:Identity and Democracy|ID]])}} |
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[[File:European Parliament Strasbourg Hemicycle - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|320px|[[歐洲議會]]半圓議事廳([[法國]][[斯特拉斯堡]])]] |
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{{legend|#CC0000|European United Left–Nordic Green Left ([[w:en:European United Left–Nordic Green Left|GUE/NGL]])}} |
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[[File:2021 European Parliament.svg|thumb|right|320px|{{Link-en|第9屆歐洲議會|Ninth European Parliament}}各黨團議員席數分佈: |
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{{legend|#0054A5|European Conservatives and Reformists ([[w:en:European Conservatives and Reformists|ECR]])}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL}}|[[歐洲議會左派——歐洲聯合左派/北歐綠色左派]]}} |
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{{legend|#CCCCCC|Non-Inscrits ([[w:en:Non-Inscrits|NI]])}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats}}|[[社會主義者和民主人士進步聯盟]]}} |
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{{legend|#A1A1A1|Vacant}}]] |
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{{legend|{{party color|Greens–European Free Alliance}}|[[綠黨/歐洲自由聯盟]]}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|Renew Europe}}|[[復興歐洲]]}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|European People's Party Group}}|[[歐洲人民黨黨團]]}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|European Conservatives and Reformists}}|[[歐洲保守派和改革主義者]]}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|Identity and Democracy}}|[[認同與民主]]}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|Non-Inscrits}}|[[無所屬議員]]}}]] |
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'''歐洲議會選舉'''是每五年進行一次的[[普遍選舉|成年人普選]];該選舉有超過4億人擁有投票權,因此被認為是僅次於[[印度]]的全球第二大民主選舉活動。<ref>{{cite web |title=EU elections 2019: Country-by-country full results |url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/05/25/eu-elections-2019-country-by-country-guide-on-what-to-look-out-for |publisher=[[歐洲新聞台]] |accessdate=2023-11-05 |date=2019-05-28}}</ref> [[歐洲議會]]自{{Link-en|1979年歐洲議會選舉|1979 European Parliament election|1979年}}起便採取[[直接選舉]],而截至[[2019年歐洲議會選舉|2019年]]則有751名[[歐洲議會議員]]當選;<ref>{{cite web |title=Euro election country-by-country |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8059690.stm |publisher=[[BBC新聞]] |accessdate=2023-11-05 |date=2009-06-07}}</ref> 但隨著[[英國]]於2020年宣佈[[英國脫歐|脫歐]],當前歐洲議會包括[[欧洲议会议长|議長]]在內只有705名議員。<ref>{{cite web |title=Redistribution of seats in the European Parliament after Brexit |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200130IPR71407/redistribution-of-seats-in-the-european-parliament-after-brexit |publisher=[[歐洲議會]] |accessdate=2023-11-05 |date=2020-01-31}}</ref> 目前除歐洲議會外,沒有其他任何一個[[歐洲聯盟]]機構採用直接選舉制;[[歐盟理事會]]與[[歐盟高峰會]]也都是通過各會員國的全國選舉實現間接選舉。<ref>{{cite web |title=Powers and procedures |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/powers-and-procedures |publisher=[[歐洲議會]] |accessdate=2023-11-05}}</ref> 儘管[[歐洲政黨]]有權在[[歐洲聯盟]]範圍內為歐洲議會選舉進行競選活動,<ref>{{cite web |title=European political parties |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/contracts-and-grants/en/political-parties-and-foundations/european-political-parties |publisher=[[歐洲議會]] |accessdate=2023-11-05}}</ref> 但實際的競選活動還是以會員國國家為單位進行,而且選舉重點也是歐洲政黨在該國的分部民意代表候選人。歐洲議會選舉一般持續四天,從週四到週日;而日期一般安排在4月7日到7月10日之間。<ref>{{cite web |title=78/639/Euratom, ECSC, EEC: Council Decision of 25 July 1978 fixing the period for the first election of representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31978D0639 |publisher={{Link-en|歐盟立法數據庫|EUR-Lex}} |accessdate=2023-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Consolidated text: Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:01976X1008(01)-20020923 |publisher={{Link-en|歐盟立法數據庫|EUR-Lex}} |accessdate=2023-11-05}}</ref> 最近一次歐洲選舉是在[[2019年歐洲議會選舉|2019年]],而下次選舉將於{{Link-en|2024年歐洲議會選舉|2024 European Parliament election|2024年}}舉行。 |
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'''[[歐洲議會]]選舉'''每五年舉行一次。自1979年以來歐洲議會選舉是都是直接選舉產生<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/05/25/eu-elections-2019-country-by-country-guide-on-what-to-look-out-for|title=EU elections 2019: Country-by-country full results|work=Euronews|date=25 May 2019|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=2021-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205161558/https://www.euronews.com/2019/05/25/eu-elections-2019-country-by-country-guide-on-what-to-look-out-for|dead-url=no}}</ref>,是僅次於[[印度]]的全球第二大民主選舉。 |
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== 席位分配 == |
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{{main|歐洲議會席次分配}} |
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== 選舉制度 == |
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議席分配原則由里斯本條約第14條規定。規定議員身份必須是歐盟成員國的公民,議員總數不超過750名(不包括議長在內),所分配各成員國議員人數按該國人口數遞增。成員國最低分配不少於6名;至多96名。該條規定由安德魯·達夫議員([[ALDE]],英國)於2011年3月和2012年9月提出的有關議員數量組成辦法議案。 |
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== 參選政黨 == |
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2011年12月,最後一個成員國愛爾蘭批准里斯本條約生效后,臨時新增18個席位(觀察員身份,2014年選舉成為正式議員身份),而德國的3個席位沒有被立即撤銷,使議員總數增加到754名。<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/009cd2034d/In-the-past.html Europa.eu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/009cd2034d/In-the-past.html |date=20141015165628 }}, EP Press Release 16/12/08</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Waterfield |first=Bruno |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5362190/Eighteen-phantom-MEPs-will-do-no-work-for-two-years.html |title=Eighteen 'phantom' MEPs will do no work for two years |publisher=Telegraph |date=2009-05-22 |accessdate=2009-06-08 |location=London |archive-date=2009-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525220100/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5362190/Eighteen-phantom-MEPs-will-do-no-work-for-two-years.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maltamediaonline.com/?p=9305 |title=MaltaMedia.com |publisher=Maltamediaonline.com |date=10 June 10 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-03-15 |archive-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714024445/http://www.maltamediaonline.com/?p=9305 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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== 選民傾向 == |
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2020年2月[[英國脫離歐盟]]後,不會再參加歐洲議會選舉,議員總數會縮減至705名。 |
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{| class="wikitable" ; margin: 0 1em 0.5em; clear:right" |
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|+ '''歐洲議會各國席位分配 (总计751席)''' |
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| |
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{|style="font-size: 95%; width: 290px;" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" |
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| {{DEU}} || <div style="width: 96px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || 96 (12.8%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" |{{FRA}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 74px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 74 (9.9%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{ITA}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 73px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 73 (9.7%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{GBR}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 73px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 73 (9.7%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{ESP}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 54px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 54 (7.2%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{POL}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 51px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 51 (6.8%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{ROM}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 32px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 32 (4.3%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{NLD}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 26px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 26 (3.5%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{flag|Belgium|state}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 22px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 21 (2.8%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{GRE}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 21px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 21 (2.8%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{CZE}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 21px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 21 (2.8%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{POR}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 21px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 21 (2.8%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{HUN}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 21px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 21 (2.8%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{SWE}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 20px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 20 (2.7%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{AUT}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 18px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 18 (2.4%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{BUL}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 17px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 17 (2.3%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{DEN}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 13px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 13 (1.7%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{FIN}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 13px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 13 (1.7%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{SVK}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 13px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 13 (1.7%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{IRL}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 11px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 11 (1.5%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{CRO}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 11px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 11 (1.5%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{LTU}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 11px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 11 (1.5%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{SVN}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 8px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 8 (1.1%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{LAT}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 8px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 8 (1.1%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{EST}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 6px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 6 (0.8%) |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{CYP}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 6px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 6 (0.8%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{LUX}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 6px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 6 (0.8%) |
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|- |
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| style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | {{MLT}} || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | <div style="width: 6px; height: 4px; background: #555555;"></div> || style="border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | 6 (0.8%) |
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|} |
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|} |
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<noinclude> |
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</noinclude> |
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== |
== 選舉結果 == |
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{{main|歐洲議會席次分配}} |
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议会选举是通过各种形式举行的,具体选举方式由各成员国决定,但選舉日期全歐盟統一在相同的星期。 |
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== 改革提議 == |
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* [[1979年欧洲议会选举]](第一屆) |
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* [[1984年欧洲议会选举]](第二屆) |
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* [[1989年欧洲议会选举]](第三屆) |
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* [[1994年欧洲议会选举]](第四屆) |
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* [[1999年欧洲议会选举]](第五屆) |
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* [[2004年欧洲议会选举]](第六屆) |
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* [[2009年歐洲議會選舉]](第七屆) |
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* [[2014年歐洲議會選舉]](第八屆) |
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* [[2019年歐洲議會選舉]](第九屆) |
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== |
== 歐盟主席 == |
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==參考資料== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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== |
== 選民資質 == |
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* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/elections2009/default.htm?language=EN Section devoted to the 2009 election on the European Parliament website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/elections2009/default.htm?language=EN |date=20090604085727 }} |
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* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/e/europeanunion/ Adam Carr's Election Archive] {{Wayback|url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/e/europeanunion/ |date=20210206015658 }} |
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* [http://www.europeanelectionstudies.net European Election Studies] {{Wayback|url=http://www.europeanelectionstudies.net/ |date=20210127101118 }} |
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* [http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/06251/sample/9780521806251ws.pdf The European Parliament and Supranational Party System (Cambridge University Press 2002)] {{Wayback|url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/06251/sample/9780521806251ws.pdf |date=20110717112228 }} |
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* [http://aei.pitt.edu/view/eusubjects/xelections.html Archive of European Integration (AEI) > Institutional Administration, Developments & Reform > Parliament > Elections] {{Wayback|url=http://aei.pitt.edu/view/eusubjects/xelections.html |date=20070714200914 }} |
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== 民意調查 == |
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[[Category:欧洲议会选举|*]] |
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== 相關條目 == |
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* {{Link-en|歐洲聯盟的民主合法性|Democratic legitimacy of the European Union}} |
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* [[歐洲聯盟曆史]] |
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* [[歐洲聯盟委員會]] |
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== 參考資料 == |
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{{ReflistH}} |
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{{Reflist|4}} |
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{{ReflistF}} |
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== 延伸閱讀 == |
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* {{cite journal |author1=Dominik Schraff |author2=Ioannis Vergioglou |author3=Buket Buse Demirci |title=The European NUTS-level election dataset: A tool to map European electoral geography |journal=Party Politics |date=2022-04-15 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=570-579 |doi=10.1177/13540688221083553}} |
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* {{cite book |author1=Amie Kreppel |title=The European Parliament and Supranational Party System |year=2002 |publisher=[[劍橋大學出版社]] |isbn=9780521000796 |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/06251/sample/9780521806251ws.pdf}} |
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== 外部連接 == |
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{{Portal|歐洲聯盟}} |
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* [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/previous-elections 歐洲議會歷屆選舉概況] |
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* [https://aei.pitt.edu/view/eusubjects/xelections.html 歐洲一體化檔案館] |
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{{歐洲議會選舉}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:欧洲议会选举| ]] |
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[[Category:歐盟政治|E]] |
2023年11月5日 (日) 02:11的版本
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歐洲議會選舉是每五年進行一次的成年人普選;該選舉有超過4億人擁有投票權,因此被認為是僅次於印度的全球第二大民主選舉活動。[1] 歐洲議會自1979年起便採取直接選舉,而截至2019年則有751名歐洲議會議員當選;[2] 但隨著英國於2020年宣佈脫歐,當前歐洲議會包括議長在內只有705名議員。[3] 目前除歐洲議會外,沒有其他任何一個歐洲聯盟機構採用直接選舉制;歐盟理事會與歐盟高峰會也都是通過各會員國的全國選舉實現間接選舉。[4] 儘管歐洲政黨有權在歐洲聯盟範圍內為歐洲議會選舉進行競選活動,[5] 但實際的競選活動還是以會員國國家為單位進行,而且選舉重點也是歐洲政黨在該國的分部民意代表候選人。歐洲議會選舉一般持續四天,從週四到週日;而日期一般安排在4月7日到7月10日之間。[6][7] 最近一次歐洲選舉是在2019年,而下次選舉將於2024年舉行。
席位分配
選舉制度
參選政黨
選民傾向
選舉結果
改革提議
歐盟主席
選民資質
民意調查
相關條目
參考資料
- ^ EU elections 2019: Country-by-country full results. 歐洲新聞台. 2019-05-28 [2023-11-05].
- ^ Euro election country-by-country. BBC新聞. 2009-06-07 [2023-11-05].
- ^ Redistribution of seats in the European Parliament after Brexit. 歐洲議會. 2020-01-31 [2023-11-05].
- ^ Powers and procedures. 歐洲議會. [2023-11-05].
- ^ European political parties. 歐洲議會. [2023-11-05].
- ^ 78/639/Euratom, ECSC, EEC: Council Decision of 25 July 1978 fixing the period for the first election of representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage. 歐盟立法數據庫. [2023-11-05].
- ^ Consolidated text: Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage. 歐盟立法數據庫. [2023-11-05].
延伸閱讀
- Dominik Schraff; Ioannis Vergioglou; Buket Buse Demirci. The European NUTS-level election dataset: A tool to map European electoral geography. Party Politics. 2022-04-15, 29 (3): 570–579. doi:10.1177/13540688221083553.
- Amie Kreppel. The European Parliament and Supranational Party System (PDF). 劍橋大學出版社. 2002. ISBN 9780521000796.
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