性腺初育:修订间差异
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性腺初育和{{link-en|肾上腺皮质机能初现|adrenarche}}不同,性腺初育表示青春期的開始,而肾上腺皮质机能初现是另外一個獨立的機制<!--大約只和青春期的結束有一些關係-->。 |
性腺初育和{{link-en|肾上腺皮质机能初现|adrenarche}}不同,性腺初育表示青春期的開始,而肾上腺皮质机能初现是另外一個獨立的機制<!--大約只和青春期的結束有一些關係-->。 |
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== 生理學 == |
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[[File:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.svg|thumb|控制性腺初育的下視丘-腦下垂體-性腺軸線(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis)]] |
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青春期受到許多因素的影響,包括基因、胎兒期、營養以及環境等因素。青春期開始的年齡也會受到父母青春期開始年齡的影響<ref name="Witchel_2021">{{cite book | vauthors = Witchel SF, Plant TM | title = The Human Hypothalamus - Neuroendocrine Disorders | chapter = Neurobiology of puberty and its disorders | series = Handbook of Clinical Neurology | volume = 181 | pages = 463–496 | date = 2021-01-01 | pmid = 34238478 | doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00033-6 | publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 9780128206836 | veditors = Swaab DF, Buijs RM, Lucassen PJ, Salehi A | s2cid = 235775828 }}</ref>。女性的青春期一般從9歲開始,男性則從11歲開始<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Levesque RJ | chapter = Gonadarche |date=2018 | title = Encyclopedia of Adolescence |pages=1625–1626 | veditors = Levesque RJ |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_551 |isbn=978-3-319-33228-4}}</ref>。已有證據表示體重和營養情形也會影響青春期開始的時間,影響方式是透過脂肪組織激素信號的輸入<ref name="Uenoyama-2016">{{cite book | vauthors = Uenoyama Y, Inoue N, Ieda N, Pheng V, Maeda KI, Tsukamura H | title = Puberty | chapter = Maturation and Physiology of Hypothalamic Regulation of the Gonadal Axis |date=2016 | veditors = Kumanov P, Agarwal A |pages=1–11 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32122-6_1 |isbn=978-3-319-32122-6 }}</ref>。青春期和性腺及腦下垂體的發展有關<ref name="Witchel_2021" />。腦下垂體會在青春期過程中使性腺成熟,並且刺激體味、腋毛以及痤瘡的產生<ref name="Witchel_2021" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenfield RL | title = Normal and Premature Adrenarche | journal = Endocrine Reviews | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 783–814 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 33788946 | pmc = 8599200 | doi = 10.1210/endrev/bnab009 }}</ref>。 |
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性腺初育是由[[下丘脑]]的大神經元引發的,大神經元會分泌稱為[[促性腺激素釋放激素]](GnRH)的激素,此激素會讓腦下垂體前葉分泌[[促卵泡激素]](FSH)及[[黄体生成素]](LH)<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth C, Partsch C |date=1999-02-17 |title=Disorders of puberty |journal=Reproduktionsmedizin |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=18–28 |doi=10.1007/s004440050052 |issn=1434-6931}}</ref>。 |
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性腺初育是青春期的開始,是性腺(或初級生殖器官)成熟的過程,是由下丘腦分泌的促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)所引發的<ref name="Witchel_2021" />。GnRH的釋放也引發激素釋放,來啟動卵巢和睪丸的成熟<ref name="Lombardi_1998">{{cite book | vauthors = Lombardi J | chapter = Modes of Reproduction |date=1998 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4615-4937-6_3 | title =Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction |pages=43–60 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4613-7240-0}}</ref>。激素的釋放主要是透過下視丘-腦下垂體-性腺軸線(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis)來調節,此為在懷孕和胎兒發育過程就已活化的激素信號系統,在性腺初育時會再度活化,以調節GnRH的脈衝釋放。而GnRH會刺激[[促卵泡激素]](FSH)及[[黄体生成素]](LH)的釋放。此活化也會受到性腺初育時所釋放蛋白質{{le|kisspeptin|kisspeptin}}的影響<ref name="Spaziani-2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spaziani M, Tarantino C, Tahani N, Gianfrilli D, Sbardella E, Lenzi A, Radicioni AF | title = Hypothalamo-Pituitary axis and puberty | journal = Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology | volume = 520 | pages = 111094 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33271219 | doi = 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111094 | hdl = 11573/1475574 | s2cid = 227233931 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>。kisspeptin的產生調節青春期時的GnRH脈衝釋放,以及胎兒發育時的GnRH活性<ref name="Plant-2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Plant TM | title = Neuroendocrine control of the onset of puberty | journal = Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology | volume = 38 | pages = 73–88 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25913220 | pmc = 4457677 | doi = 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.04.002 }}</ref>。在性腺初育開始之前,下視丘分泌激素的刺激會被中樞神經系統的GABA能-釋放抑制神經元(GABAergic-releasing inhibitory neuron)所抑制<ref>{{cite book |title=AAP Textbook of Adolescent Health Care |vauthors=Craig KR, Biro FM |date=2011-03-10 |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |isbn=978-1-58110-565-0 |veditors=Fisher MM, Alderman EM, Kreipe RE, Rosenfold WD |pages=23–31 |language=en |chapter=Normal Pubertal Physical Growth and Development |doi=10.1542/9781581105650-part01-ch04 |access-date=2023-07-28 |chapter-url=https://publications.aap.org/aapbooks/book/589/chapter/5820115/Normal-Pubertal-Physical-Growth-and-Development |s2cid=243965928}}</ref>。有些抑制的輸入也來自女性還不成熟的卵巢分泌的[[雌激素]]<ref name="Uenoyama-2016" />。 |
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== 參見 == |
== 參見 == |
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* [[生殖腺 |
* [[生殖腺]](性腺) |
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* [[青春期]] |
* [[青春期]] |
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* [[第二性徵]] |
* [[第二性徵]] |
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* [[男性]]:[[初精]] |
* [[男性]]:[[初精]] |
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* [[女性]]:[[初潮 |
* [[女性]]:[[初潮]](初經)、[[乳房初長]] |
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* [[阴毛初现]] |
* [[阴毛初现]] |
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{{生殖生理学}} |
{{生殖生理学}} |
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{{醫學小作品}} |
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[[Category:發育生物學]] |
[[Category:發育生物學]] |
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[[Category:儿科]] |
[[Category:儿科]] |
2024年3月9日 (六) 15:26的最新版本
性腺初育是指在青春期階段初期的生殖腺變化[1]。由於腦下垂體促性腺激素的影響,女性的卵巢及男性的睪丸會開始成長,並分泌性激素,其中最主要的是雌二醇及睾酮。
性腺初育和肾上腺皮质机能初现不同,性腺初育表示青春期的開始,而肾上腺皮质机能初现是另外一個獨立的機制。
生理學[编辑]
青春期受到許多因素的影響,包括基因、胎兒期、營養以及環境等因素。青春期開始的年齡也會受到父母青春期開始年齡的影響[2]。女性的青春期一般從9歲開始,男性則從11歲開始[3]。已有證據表示體重和營養情形也會影響青春期開始的時間,影響方式是透過脂肪組織激素信號的輸入[4]。青春期和性腺及腦下垂體的發展有關[2]。腦下垂體會在青春期過程中使性腺成熟,並且刺激體味、腋毛以及痤瘡的產生[2][5]。
性腺初育是由下丘脑的大神經元引發的,大神經元會分泌稱為促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)的激素,此激素會讓腦下垂體前葉分泌促卵泡激素(FSH)及黄体生成素(LH)[6]。
性腺初育是青春期的開始,是性腺(或初級生殖器官)成熟的過程,是由下丘腦分泌的促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)所引發的[2]。GnRH的釋放也引發激素釋放,來啟動卵巢和睪丸的成熟[7]。激素的釋放主要是透過下視丘-腦下垂體-性腺軸線(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis)來調節,此為在懷孕和胎兒發育過程就已活化的激素信號系統,在性腺初育時會再度活化,以調節GnRH的脈衝釋放。而GnRH會刺激促卵泡激素(FSH)及黄体生成素(LH)的釋放。此活化也會受到性腺初育時所釋放蛋白質kisspeptin的影響[8]。kisspeptin的產生調節青春期時的GnRH脈衝釋放,以及胎兒發育時的GnRH活性[9]。在性腺初育開始之前,下視丘分泌激素的刺激會被中樞神經系統的GABA能-釋放抑制神經元(GABAergic-releasing inhibitory neuron)所抑制[10]。有些抑制的輸入也來自女性還不成熟的卵巢分泌的雌激素[4]。
參見[编辑]
青春期現象[编辑]
參考資料[编辑]
- ^ Weiner, Irving B.; Freedheim, Donald K.; Schinka, John A.; Velicer, Wayne F.; Lerner, Richard M. Handbook of Psychology. John Wiley and Sons. 2003: 298. ISBN 0-471-38405-4.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Witchel SF, Plant TM. Neurobiology of puberty and its disorders. Swaab DF, Buijs RM, Lucassen PJ, Salehi A (编). The Human Hypothalamus - Neuroendocrine Disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 181. Elsevier. 2021-01-01: 463–496. ISBN 9780128206836. PMID 34238478. S2CID 235775828. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00033-6.
- ^ Levesque RJ. Gonadarche. Levesque RJ (编). Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2018: 1625–1626. ISBN 978-3-319-33228-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_551 (英语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Uenoyama Y, Inoue N, Ieda N, Pheng V, Maeda KI, Tsukamura H. Maturation and Physiology of Hypothalamic Regulation of the Gonadal Axis. Kumanov P, Agarwal A (编). Puberty. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2016: 1–11. ISBN 978-3-319-32122-6. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32122-6_1 (英语).
- ^ Rosenfield RL. Normal and Premature Adrenarche. Endocrine Reviews. November 2021, 42 (6): 783–814. PMC 8599200 . PMID 33788946. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab009.
- ^ Roth C, Partsch C. Disorders of puberty. Reproduktionsmedizin. 1999-02-17, 15 (1): 18–28. ISSN 1434-6931. doi:10.1007/s004440050052.
- ^ Lombardi J. Modes of Reproduction. Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction. Boston, MA: Springer US. 1998: 43–60. ISBN 978-1-4613-7240-0. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4937-6_3.
- ^ Spaziani M, Tarantino C, Tahani N, Gianfrilli D, Sbardella E, Lenzi A, Radicioni AF. Hypothalamo-Pituitary axis and puberty. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. January 2021, 520: 111094. PMID 33271219. S2CID 227233931. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2020.111094. hdl:11573/1475574 .
- ^ Plant TM. Neuroendocrine control of the onset of puberty. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. July 2015, 38: 73–88. PMC 4457677 . PMID 25913220. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.04.002.
- ^ Craig KR, Biro FM. Normal Pubertal Physical Growth and Development. Fisher MM, Alderman EM, Kreipe RE, Rosenfold WD (编). AAP Textbook of Adolescent Health Care. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2011-03-10: 23–31 [2023-07-28]. ISBN 978-1-58110-565-0. S2CID 243965928. doi:10.1542/9781581105650-part01-ch04 (英语).
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