咆哮山莊
| 咆哮山莊 | |
|---|---|
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| 作者 | 艾蜜莉·勃朗特 |
| 原名 | Wuthering Heights |
| 出版地 |  英國 |
| 語言 | 英文 |
| 類型 | 小說 |
| 出版者 | Thomas Cautley Newby |
| 出版日期 | 1847年 |
| 媒介 | 紙本（精裝） |
《咆哮山莊》（Wuthering Heights），英國女作家艾蜜莉·勃朗特（Emily Brontë）的小说，也是她唯一的一部小说，於1847年首度出版。當時因為內容對人性醜惡的描寫而遭致非議，被稱為是一本「可怕而野蠻」的書，書中寫盡了寂寥的荒野、偏僻的古堡、粗暴的愛情，氣氛陰霾而深刻，於時人所不容。但是随着时间的推移，这部小说逐渐的被主流社会所认同，并且被认为是勃朗特姐妹所有的作品中最为出色的一部。艾米丽独特的气质，对世界的感悟，对荒原的依恋和描写，给这部小说增添了独特的审美意味，这是这部小说明显不同于维多利亚时代其他小说的原因。其中也继承了象征、恐怖和神秘等哥特小说手法。
目录 |
[编辑] 情節
小說的背景是十八世紀英格蘭北部的約克郡，咆哮山莊的主人、鄉紳恩肖先生（Earnshaw）帶回一個身分不明的吉普賽男孩，取名希斯克里夫（Heathcliff），這位小男孩奪去了主人對小主人亨德利（Hindley）和他妹妹凱瑟琳（Catherine）的寵愛。主人恩肖死後，亨德利從外地娶回一女子(法蘭西斯)，繼承了山莊，為了報復，他把希斯克里夫貶為奴僕，並百般迫害，可是妹妹凱瑟琳卻和他產生了愛情，希斯克里夫天性倔強，性格敏感而多疑，兩人之間卻又存在著激烈的衝突。後來，凱瑟琳受外界影響，改而愛上有錢、成熟的畫眉田莊的文靜青年埃德加·林頓（Edgar Linton）。使希斯克里夫在暴風雨之夜憤而出走，三年後再出現時，已經是一名富商，他的出現造成咆哮山莊詭異的氣氛，希斯克里夫的愛變得偏激，他不但想報復凱瑟琳，還不放過她身邊的每一個人，他用賭博贏得了山莊，亨德利成為他的僕人，亨德利最後死得不明不白，兒子哈里頓則成了奴僕。他還故意娶了埃德加的妹妹伊莎貝拉（Isabella）為妻，造成兄妹失和，並施以迫害。埃德加反對凱瑟琳和希斯克裏夫繼續來往，這使得凱瑟琳越來越憂鬱，內心痛苦不堪的凱瑟琳在生產中死去。希斯克里夫甚至想把凱瑟琳的遺體從墳墓裡挖出來見最後一面。
十多年後，希斯克里夫又施計強使埃德加的女兒小凱瑟琳，嫁給自己即將死去的兒子小林敦。埃德加和小林敦都死了，希斯克里夫最終把埃德加家的財產也據為己有。復仇得逞了，他對凱瑟琳的愛是粗暴的，卻也是無可取代的，他甚至希望死後能把棺材打開，跟凱瑟琳靈魂長相廝守，最終不吃不喝、苦戀而亡。小凱瑟琳和哈里頓繼承了山莊和田莊的產業，兩人終於相愛，在畫眉田莊安頓下來。
[编辑] 人物
- Heathcliff:大概是利物浦街头孤儿，被Mr. Earnshaw发现了后带到“呼啸山庄”，被Earnshaw家其他人不情愿地收养照顾。他和Catherine后来变得很亲密，他们的爱情也称为第一卷的中心主题；他的复仇和其后果则是第二卷的中心主题。Heathcliff被認為是一個典型的拜倫式英雄(Byronic hero)，但是批評家也認為其自我創造的性格，使他的性格具有一定的深度而難以加以評斷。他在社會中的無地位使他時常成為馬克思批評的主題。[1]
- Catherine Earnshaw: First introduced in Lockwood's discovery of her diary and etchings, Catherine's life is almost entirely detailed in the first volume. She seemingly suffers from a crisis of identity, unable to choose between nature and culture (and, by extension, Heathcliff and Edgar).她嫁给Edgar Linton而不是Heathcliff的决定被认为是对当时社会文化的妥协，也由此对呼啸山庄中所有人物都产生了影响。Catherine的个性在各种文学批评中都有分析，包括：psychoanalytic and feminist.[2]
- Edgar Linton: Introduced as a child of the Linton family, who resides at Thrushcross Grange, Edgar's life and mannerisms are immediately contrasted with those of Heathcliff and Catherine, and indeed the former dislikes him. Yet, owing much to his status, Catherine marries him and not Heathcliff. This decision, and the differences between Edgar and Heathcliff, have been read into by feminist criticisms.
- Ellen (Nelly) Dean: The second and primary narrator of the novel, Nelly has been a servant of each generation of both the Earnshaw and Linton families. She is presented as a character who straddles the idea of a 'culture versus nature' divide in the novel:她是本地人，是一个仆人，也体验了呼啸山庄的生活。然而，她也是一个有文化的女人，and has lived at Thrushcross Grange. This idea is represented in her having two names, Ellen—her given name and used to show respect, and Nelly—used by her familiars. Whether Nelly is an unbiased narrator and how far her actions, as an apparent bystander, affect the other characters are two points of her character discussed by critics.[3]
- Isabella Linton: Introduced as part of the Linton family, Isabella is only ever shown in relation to other characters. She views Heathcliff as a romantic hero, despite Catherine's warning her against such a view, and becomes an unwitting participant in his plot for revenge.当她嫁给Heathcliff并在呼啸山庄被虐待后，她逃到伦敦，生下了Linton。这些虐待让很多人，尤其是女性文学批评家，把Isabella看作呼啸山庄中真正的／传统的'悲剧式浪漫'人物.
- Hindley Earnshaw: Catherine的哥哥，娶了一个不知来源的女人Frances，并且在他爸爸Mr. Earnshaw死后才将婚姻披露。He spirals into destructive behaviour after her death and ruins the Earnshaw family with his drinking and gambling.
- Hareton Earnshaw: Hindley和Frances的儿子，最初由Nelly抚养，后来则实际由Joseph 和Heathcliff。前者works to instill a sense of pride in Earnshaw heritage, even though Hareton has no right to the property associated with it. The latter strives to teach him all sorts of vulgarities as a way of avenging himself on Hareton's father, Hindley. Hareton和Joseph说话有一样的口音，在呼啸山庄做仆人，并不知道他的真正地为和权力。他的存在时常让Heathcliff 想起Catherine。
- Cathy Linton: The daughter of Catherine Earnshaw and Edgar Linton, she is a spirited girl, though unaware of her parents' history. Edgar is very protective of her and as a result she is constantly looking beyond the confines of the Grange.
- Linton Heathcliff: The son of Heathcliff and Isabella, he is a very weak child and his character resembles Heathcliff's, though without its only redeeming feature: love. He marries Cathy Linton, but only under the direction of his father, whom he discovers only as he enters his teens.
- Joseph: 呼啸山庄的仆人，虔诚基督徒（本质是一个恶棍）。他讲话又非常重的约克郡口音。
- Lockwood: The narrator of the book, he comes to rent Thrushcross Grange from Heathcliff to escape society but finally decides he prefers company rather than ending up as Heathcliff.
- Frances: A generally amiable character, her marriage to Hindley is unrevealed until Mr Earnshaw dies.
- Kenneth: 邻近村子Gimmerton的医生.
- Zillah: Catherine死时Heathcliff在呼啸山庄的仆人。
[编辑] 关系图
图示:
- 黑色线: 子女；虚线意味收养
- 红色线: 结婚；双线意味二婚
- 粉色线: 爱情
- 蓝色线: 有感情
- 绿色线: 憎恨
- 黄色区域: 核心人物
- 紫色区域: external observers
[编辑] 評價
有人認為《咆哮山莊》、《李爾王》和《白鯨記》是英語文學中的三大悲劇。1948年英國作家毛姆（WS Maugham）說：“《咆哮山莊》的醜惡與美並存，而且它所表達的力量也是一般小說家難以企及的……我不知道還有哪一部小說其中愛情的痛苦、迷戀、殘酷、執著，曾經如此令人吃驚地描述出來。”並推崇為世界十大小說之一。
[编辑] links
- ^ Eagleton, Terry. Myths of Power: A Marxist Study of the Brontës. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
- ^ Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Imagination. New Haven: Yale UP, 2000.
- ^ Hafley, James. The Villain in Wuthering Heights (PDF). 1958: 17 [3 June 2010].
