憨第德

憨第德
《憨第德》出版於巴黎、1759年版本的封面，其寫着，「憨第德，或樂觀主義。譯自德國的雷爾夫博士。」
原名	Candide, ou l'Optimisme
作者	伏爾泰
類型	短篇哲學；諷刺小說；浪人小說；教育小說
語言	法文
主題	奴隸制度、戰爭、哲學、旅行、unhappiness、愛、喪事、sociability、進食、財富、人口遷徙、反諷、社會、人、理智、冒險、災害、樂觀主義
故事時代背景	1750年代
故事背景地點	威尼斯、大不列顛島、君士坦丁堡、保加利亞
發行資訊
插圖	尚-米歇爾·莫羅
出版機構	1759年：克拉默、馬克-米歇爾·雷、尚·諾斯、蘭伯特等人
出版時間	1759年1月
出版地點	法國
媒介	出版
規範控制
ISBN	不適用

《憨第德》（法語：Candide, ou l'Optimisme）是1759年，啟蒙運動時期哲學家伏爾泰所著的一部法國諷刺小說。這部中篇小說以一位名為憨第德（Candide）的青年揭開序幕，先描述他在一位貴族的城堡里過着受庇護無憂無慮的生活（猶如伊甸園樂土），與貴族的女兒（Cunegonde）相互傾心，同時被他的老師潘格羅士灌輸予萊布尼茨式樂觀主義。然而，好日不長，一天憨第德一時衝動親吻了Cunegonde，恰巧被她父親撞見，於是憨第德被這貴族「踢着背」趕了出城堡。憨第德從此開始了他漫長的旅行生涯，週遊歐洲各地以及北美洲。一路上他見證並親身體會了人間的苦難，潘格羅士所教授給他的樂觀主義不斷受到挑戰，並開始不斷質問人生的意義。在最後，幾經離合，當眾人再次聚在一塊時，（伏爾泰為）憨第德做出結論，如不徹底的拒斥樂觀主義，專注於現實辛勤耕耘，人生才不會那麼痛苦，「我們必須照顧我們的花園」(Il faut cultiver notre jardin.)，而不是無休止地討論哲學問題，否定潘格羅士的萊布尼茨式魔咒，「對去任何世界而言，這樣子生活是最好的」「 It's for the best of all possible worlds」。

《憨第德》以它諷刺的語調，以及它古怪、怪誕且緊湊的故事情節聞名。有着類似較嚴肅的教育小說或浪人小說的情節，它滑稽地模仿了許多冒險與愛情的陳詞濫調，並以尖刻、風趣而不帶感情的筆調描寫其奮鬥過程。被論述的事情仍舊通常取材自歷史事件，例如七年戰爭及1755年裏斯本大地震。當伏爾泰時代的哲學家們為罪惡問題爭辯不休時，這本小說裏的憨第德也不例外，儘管其更直接而滑稽。伏爾泰透過諷喻譏笑宗教信仰、神學家、政府、軍隊、哲學與哲學家；最顯著的，他抨擊萊布尼茨及他的樂觀主義。

參考資料

參考書目

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延伸閱讀

• Adorno, Theodor W. Redmond, Dennis , 編. Negative Dialectics. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. 1970 [2007-07-28]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-26）. 

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• Gullace, Giovanni. Il Candide nel pensiero di Voltaire. Napoli: Società editrice napoletana. 1985. 

• Gullette, Cameron C. Fanfluche - Cousin of Candide. The French Review. 1934年12月, 8 (2): 93–107. 

• Henry, Patrick. Travel in Candide: Moving On But Going Nowhere. Papers on Language & Literature. 1977年春季, 13 (2): 193–197. ISSN 0031-1294. EBSCO Accession Number 7728974. 

• Henry, Patrick. Time in Candide. Studies in Short Fiction. 1977年冬季, 14 (1): 86–8. ISSN 0039-3789. EBSCO Accession Number 7150968. 

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• Kirby, David. The new Candide or what I learned in the theory wars. Virginia Quarterly Review. 1993年夏季, 69 (3): p393, 15p. ISSN 0042-675X. EBSCO Accession Number 9308316577.  引文格式1維護：冗餘文本 (link)

• Lynch, James J. Romance Conventions in Voltaire's Candide. South Atlantic Review. 1985年1月, 50 (1): 35–46. doi:10.2307/3199529. 

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外部連結

• Candide: Illustrations of a classic – Bibliography of illustrated editions, list of available electronic editions and more useful information from Trier University Library
• A digital scanning of a 1901 edition of Candide （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• Candide （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） – free audio download from LibriVox（English translation)
• Podcast lecture on Candide from Dr Martin Evans at Stanford University （iTunes link）
• – a public wiki dedicated to Candide
• A Brief Bibliography for the Study of Candide （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） – issued by the Voltaire Society of America