原子論
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原子論（英語：Atomism，來自古希臘語atomos，含義為“不可分割”），非原子悖論，是在一些古代傳統中發展出的一種自然哲學。原子論者將自然世界理論化為由兩基本部分所構成：不可分割的原子和空無的虛空（void）。
簡介[编辑]
依據亞里士多德引述的原子論觀點，原子是不可構造的和永恆不變的，並且形狀和大小有無窮的變化。它們在空無（empty）中移動，相互碰離，有時變成與一個或多個其他原子相鉤結而形成聚簇（cluster）。不同形狀、排列和位置的聚簇引起世界上各種宏觀物質（substance）。[1][2]
溯源[编辑]
對原子概念的記述可以上溯到古希臘和古印度。在西方，對原子的記述出現在公元前5世紀留基伯和德謨克利特的著作中[3]。有人將印度的耆那教[4][5]的原子論認定為開創者大雄在公元前6世紀提出，並將與其同時代六師外道的正命論和順世派先驅的元素思想也稱為原子論[6]。對於印度文化影響希臘還是反之，亦或二者獨立演化迄今仍存在爭議。[7]
在古印度哲學中，正理派和勝論派後來發展出了原子如何組合成更複雜物體的理論。[8]佛教中，在對應於元素論的四界學說基礎上，发展出了對應原子論的極微學說，後來進一步演繹出成規模體系的色聚理論。
註解[编辑]
- ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics I, 4, 985b 10–15.
- ^ Berryman, Sylvia, "Ancient Atomism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/atomism-ancient/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated 1999, ISBN 0-8020-4390-9, pp. 157-158.
- ^ Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. Indian Atomism: History and Sources. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press. 1981. ISBN 0-391-02177-X. OCLC 10916778.
- ^ Iannone, A. Pablo. Dictionary of World Philosophy. Routledge. 2001: 83,356 [2011-12-14]. ISBN 0415179955. OCLC 44541769. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.
- ^ Thomas McEvilley, The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies ISBN 1-58115-203-5, Allwarth Press, 2002, p. 317-321.
- ^ Teresi, Dick. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science. Simon & Schuster. 2003: 213–214. ISBN 074324379X.
- ^ Richard King, Indian philosophy: an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, , Edinburgh University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-7486-0954-7, pp. 105-107.
參考書目[编辑]
- Clericuzio, Antonio. Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
- Cornford, Francis MacDonald. Plato's Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957.
- Dijksterhuis, E. The Mechanization of the World Picture. Trans. by C. Dikshoorn. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-02396-4
- Firth, Raymond. Religion: A Humanist Interpretation. Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-12897-8.
- Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. Indian Atomism: history and sources. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981. ISBN 0-391-02177-X
- Gardet, L. "djuz'" in Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition, v. 1.1. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
- Gregory, Joshua C. A Short History of Atomism. London: A. and C. Black, Ltd, 1981.
- Kargon, Robert Hugh. Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
- Lloyd, G. E. R. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. ISBN 0-521-09456-9
- Lloyd, G. E. R. Greek Science After Aristotle. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. ISBN 0-393-00780-4
- Marmara, Michael E. "Causation in Islamic Thought." Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973-74. online at the of Virginia Electronic Text Center（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- Redondi, Pietro. Galileo Heretic. Translated by Raymond Rosenthal. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-691-02426-X
- McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. New York: Allworth Communications Inc. ISBN 1-58115-203-5.
參見[编辑]
外部連結[编辑]
 |
查看维基词典中的词条「atomism」。 |
- Dictionary of the History of Ideas: （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century
- Dictionary of the History of Ideas: （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Atomism in the Seventeenth Century
- Jonathan Schaffer, "Is There a Fundamental Level?" Nous 37 (2003): 498-517.[1] Article by a philosopher who opposes atomism
- Article on traditional Greek atomism（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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