尼格利陀人
尼格利陀人(Negrito)一词是指居住在东南亚和安达曼群岛偏远地区的几个不同种族群体,他們一般膚色偏黑,住在叢林中,從事狩獵採集的生活型態[1]。
根据觀察到的身体相似性,尼格利陀曾被认为是由密切相关的人组成的单一群体。 然而,遗传研究表明,它们位于东亚相关群体和巴布亚相关群体之间的一条直线上,表明它们由几个独立的群体组成,并显示出遗传异质性。 他们在很大程度上被南岛人取代或吸收,或在地理上孤立的地区形成少数民族[2][3][4][5][6][7]。
历史上,他们与当地居民进行贸易,但也经常成为奴隶制的受害者,同时也向公元 724 年以来的东南亚当地统治者和王国朝貢。
詞源
[编辑]Negrito源自於西班牙語或葡萄牙語,為黑人的小稱詞,即「小黑人」。因為歐洲航海者第一次看到矮黑人時認為他們的祖先是從非洲來的。然而,這個看法已被人類學者所拋棄,因為除了深色皮膚和鬈髮外,尼格利陀人與非洲人其實沒有太多相似之處[8]。
特徵
[编辑]成年男性平均身高約153.6公分,女性約142.7公分(馬來西亞的塞芒人[9]),是世界上最矮的民族之一。皮膚為暗褐色至黑色。虹膜為暗褐色。毛髮短而捲;頭髮為暗褐的黑色。深色皮肤、卷曲的头发和“亚洲人”(蒙古人种)面部和颅骨特征是多样化的内格里托部落的特征[10]。
起源
[编辑]一些研究表明,每个群体都应单独考虑,因为遗传证据驳斥了安达曼群岛、马来半岛和菲律宾的“内格里托”群体之间特定共享血统的概念[12]。事实上,这种观点在2013年一项工作中得到了回应,该工作得出的结论是,归类为尼格利陀人的部落彼此之间没有最近的共同祖先。[13]。最近的几项研究,如Larena等人和卡尔霍夫等人。2021年,发现被归类为尼格利陀人的各种群体存在于东亚人和巴布亚人之间。
安达曼人被发现主要是“基本东亚血统”,与当代东亚人最接近,包括古代东亚样本,如中国北方的天元人,同时与澳大利亚人明显不同。据估计,与东亚有关的人群和澳大拉西亚人(如巴布亚人)在公元前 58,000 年彼此分裂[14][5][15][16]。
文化
[编辑]在森林中進行單純的採集和狩獵。菲律賓的矮黑人能使用火,安達曼群島的則不能。馬來西亞的塞芒人(Semang)有使用樹皮製衣的記錄,生活在山洞或以樹葉蓋住的居所。
現況
[编辑]安達曼群島
[编辑]- 安達曼群島原住民
目前有4族:大安達曼人(Strait Island)、加洛瓦人、翁奇人和桑提内尔人。
安達曼群島上的矮黑人與世隔絕,拒絕與外界接觸。其中桑提内尔人的身高較其他地方的矮黑人高,平均身高約160-165公分高,不符合矮人的定義(矮於150公分)。目前估計只有少於1000人仍然生存。加洛瓦族人口250-400人。
馬來西亞
[编辑]塞芒(Semang)在馬來語是負債的奴隸。馬來亞的矮黑人,分佈於馬來半島的中央山地,被認為是馬來半島最早的住民,根據其墓葬可追溯到1萬年前。總人口估計約2000人。
菲律賓
[编辑]菲律賓的矮黑人僅占總人口的0.003%。
分佈於菲律賓的班乃島。
泰國
[编辑]- 馬尼人
分佈於泰國南部接近馬來西亞的邊界。當地在1975年到1977年是泰國政府軍和马来亚共产党遊擊隊的戰場,當地的原住民也遭到相當程度的波及。總人口估計約300人,其語言Tonga可能已經失傳。
參見
[编辑]參考文献
[编辑]- ^ "DNA Study Yields Clues on Early Human's First Migration" New York Times, May 13, 2005 p. A7
- ^ S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), p. 92.
- ^ Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip. The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia. Human Biology. 2013-11-27, 85 (1) [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0018-7143. (原始内容存档于2019-07-28).
- ^ Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roy, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016-02-09, 113 (6): 1594–1599 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4760789 . PMID 26811443. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113. (原始内容存档于2022-06-06).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2021-03-30, 118 (13): e2026132118 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671 . PMID 33753512. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. (原始内容存档于2022-05-05).
- ^ Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea. Nature. 2021-08, 596 (7873): 543–547 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. (原始内容存档于2021-08-26) (英语).
- ^ Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya."
- ^ Liu, James J.Y. The Chinese Knight Errant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967 (ISBN 0-226-48688-5)
- ^ Fix, Alan G. Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli. American Anthropologist. 1995-06, 97 (2): 313–323. doi:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090 (英语).
- ^ David Bulbeck; Pathmanathan Raghavan; Daniel Rayner (2006), "Races of Homo sapiens: if not in the southwest Pacific, then nowhere", World Archaeology, 38 (1): 109–132, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.534.3176, doi:10.1080/00438240600564987, ISSN 0043-8243, JSTOR 40023598, S2CID 84991420
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Larena, Maximilian; McKenna, James; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Bernhardsson, Carolina; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world. Current Biology. 2021-10-11, 31 (19): 4219–4230.e10. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34388371. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 (英语).
- ^ Catherine Hill; Pedro Soares; Maru Mormina; Vincent Macaulay; William Meehan; James Blackburn; Douglas Clarke; Joseph Maripa Raja; Patimah Ismail; David Bulbeck; Stephen Oppenheimer; Martin Richards (2006), "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians" (PDF), Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23 (12): 2480–91, doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124, PMID 16982817, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008
- ^ Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip (1 February 2013). "The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 153–172. doi:10.3378/027.085.0307. ISSN 1534-6617. PMID 24297224. S2CID 7774927.
- ^ Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea. Nature. 2021, 596 (7873): 543–547 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8387238 . PMID 34433944. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. (原始内容存档于2022-05-03).
- ^ Larena, Maximilian; McKenna, James; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Bernhardsson, Carolina; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world. Current Biology. 2021-10-11, 31 (19): 4219–4230.e10 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 8596304 . PMID 34388371. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022. (原始内容存档于2022-06-14).
- ^ Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya."
- 公有领域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (编). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911. 本条目包含来自
外部連結
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