熱點 (地質學)

熱點（英语：Hotspot）在地質學上是指地球表面長期歷經活躍的火山活動的地區。約翰·圖佐·威爾遜在1963年時有了一種想法，認為像夏威夷群島這樣的火山鏈是板塊緩慢地移動時經過地表下一個“固定的”熱點而形成的。熱點被認為是一股較熱的、狹窄的地函從地函與地核之間的邊界開始向上進行對流而形成的，這稱為“地函熱柱”（mantle plume）。最新的地質學上的證據則把熱點的成因指向了海洋地殼隱沒至核幔邊界(Gutenberg discontinuity)，海洋地殼因其密度較小而上升，且過程中減壓融熔。地質學家也確認出了全球40到50個熱點，最活躍的熱點包括夏威夷、留尼旺、黃石、加拉巴哥群島、冰島等地。

顯著的熱點路徑

可能的熱點路徑

東經九十度中脊（凱爾蓋朗熱點?）^[2]
土阿莫土-萊恩島鏈（Crough hotspot,可能不是熱點路徑）^[3]^[4]
南方-吉爾伯特-馬紹爾島鏈（麥當勞熱點）^[4]^[5]

熱點列表

縮寫：

w:weight is a subjective uncertainty between simulation and determined azimuth;
az:方位角（板塊方向）
Weight,解釋：
- 方位角差小於8°: w= 1.0
- 方位角差小於10°: w= 0.8
- 方位角差小於12°: w= 0.5
- 方位角差小於15°: w= 0.3
- 方位角差大於15°: w= 0.2

參考資料

^ Axial Seamount. PMEL Earth-Ocean Interactions Program. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局. [23 September 2014].
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 E. V. Verzhbitsky. Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges. Journal of Geodynamics 35/3 (2003).
^ W. Jason Morgan and Jason Phipps Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). : 111 [2010-04-23].
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 W. J. Morgan. Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle. Nature 230 (1971).
^ Segev, A. Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes) (PDF). EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series. 2002, 2: 171–191 [5 August 2010].
^ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 ^6.16 ^6.17 ^6.18 ^6.19 ^6.20 ^6.21 ^6.22 ^6.23 ^6.24 ^6.25 ^6.26 ^6.27 ^6.28 ^6.29 ^6.30 ^6.31 ^6.32 ^6.33 ^6.34 ^6.35 ^6.36 ^6.37 ^6.38 ^6.39 ^6.40 ^6.41 ^6.42 ^6.43 ^6.44 ^6.45 ^6.46 ^6.47 ^6.48 ^6.49 ^6.50 ^6.51 ^6.52 ^6.53 ^6.54 ^6.55 ^6.56 ^6.57 ^6.58 ^6.59 W. J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). [2011-11-06].
^ Nielsen, Søren B.; Stephenson, Randell; Thomsen, Erik. Letter:Dynamics of Mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra-plate deformations. Nature. 13 December 2007, 450 (7172): 1071–1074. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1071N. PMID 18075591. doi:10.1038/nature06379.
^ O'Neill, C.; Müller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. Revised Indian Plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2003, 215: 151–168. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.215..151O. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于26 July 2011）.
^ O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and space. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1992, 113 (3): 343–364. Bibcode:1992E&PSL.113..343O. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L.
^ Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard. Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics and mantle flow (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 20 November 2009, 188 (1–3): 26–56. Bibcode:2009JVGR..188...26S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.
^ Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes- Anahim volcanic belt. Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. [2008-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-16）.
^ B Steinberger, C Gaina, Plate-tectonic reconstructions predict part of the Hawaiian hotspot track to be preserved in the Bering Sea, Geology 35 (5), 407–410.

延伸閱讀

Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. October 2010.
Boschi, L.; Becker, T.W.; Steinberger, B. Mantle plumes: Dynamic models and seismic images (PDF). Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 2007, 8 (Q10006): Q10006 [2018-05-05]. Bibcode:2007GGG.....810006B. ISSN 1525-2027. doi:10.1029/2007GC001733. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-17）.
Clouard, Valérie; Gerbault, Muriel. Break-up spots: Could the Pacific open as a consequence of plate kinematics?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2007, 265: 195. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.265..195C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.013.
Towards A Better Understanding Of Hot Spot Volcanism. ScienceDaily. 4 February 2008.

外部連結

[MPEL-1] Axial Seamount. PMEL Earth-Ocean Interactions Program. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局. [23 September 2014].

[Verzhbitsky-2] 2.0 ^2.1 E. V. Verzhbitsky. Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges. Journal of Geodynamics 35/3 (2003).

[SI-3] W. Jason Morgan and Jason Phipps Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). : 111 [2010-04-23].

[Morgan-4] 4.0 ^4.1 W. J. Morgan. Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle. Nature 230 (1971).

[segev2002-5] Segev, A. Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes) (PDF). EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series. 2002, 2: 171–191 [5 August 2010].

[MorganMorgan-6] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 ^6.16 ^6.17 ^6.18 ^6.19 ^6.20 ^6.21 ^6.22 ^6.23 ^6.24 ^6.25 ^6.26 ^6.27 ^6.28 ^6.29 ^6.30 ^6.31 ^6.32 ^6.33 ^6.34 ^6.35 ^6.36 ^6.37 ^6.38 ^6.39 ^6.40 ^6.41 ^6.42 ^6.43 ^6.44 ^6.45 ^6.46 ^6.47 ^6.48 ^6.49 ^6.50 ^6.51 ^6.52 ^6.53 ^6.54 ^6.55 ^6.56 ^6.57 ^6.58 ^6.59 W. J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). [2011-11-06].

[7] Nielsen, Søren B.; Stephenson, Randell; Thomsen, Erik. Letter:Dynamics of Mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra-plate deformations. Nature. 13 December 2007, 450 (7172): 1071–1074. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1071N. PMID 18075591. doi:10.1038/nature06379.

[8] O'Neill, C.; Müller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. Revised Indian Plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2003, 215: 151–168. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.215..151O. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于26 July 2011）.

[9] O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and space. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1992, 113 (3): 343–364. Bibcode:1992E&PSL.113..343O. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L.

[smith2009-10] Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard. Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics and mantle flow (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 20 November 2009, 188 (1–3): 26–56. Bibcode:2009JVGR..188...26S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.

[11] Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes- Anahim volcanic belt. Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. [2008-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-16）.

[12] B Steinberger, C Gaina, Plate-tectonic reconstructions predict part of the Hawaiian hotspot track to be preserved in the Bering Sea, Geology 35 (5), 407–410.

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顯著的熱點路徑

熱點列表

歐亞板塊

非洲板塊

南極板塊

南美板塊

北美板塊

印澳板塊

納茲卡板塊

太平洋板塊

參考資料

延伸閱讀

外部連結