User:AINH/柏修斯 (間諜)

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柏修斯（Персей）是個假想的蘇聯核間諜代號。若果此理論為真，該間諜曾在曼哈頓計劃期間成功侵入洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室，很大地推進蘇聯的核武建設並成功破壞美國國家安全。

有學者認為柏修斯從未存在，相關間諜理論只是蘇聯情報機構營造的假象。[1][2]

Trinity nuclear test explosion. Had it been real, Perseus would allegedly have given crucial information about this test to the Soviets according to one source.

生平[编辑]

一份被認為是柏修斯的間諜檔案描述其為一個在曼哈頓計劃期間的年青美國科學家。[3][4]

根據紀錄，柏修斯在1940年代初於紐約市探望其生病的雙亲時跟間諜莫里斯·科恩（英语：Morris Cohen (spy)）見面，並因此被蘇聯總參謀部情報總局招募。[5][6]他與科恩的會面應發生在1941年9月至1942年7月之間，之後科恩便應徵入伍並前往歐洲的西線戰場。[6]

Perseus reportedly introduced themself to Cohen as a physicist who had been invited to join the work at Los Alamos research center. By 1942, Perseus was supposedly already working at Los Alamos, being that they would have started sometime at least 18 months before German physicist and also atomic spy Klaus Fuchs, who joined the investigation in mid-1944. However, Perseus appears to have been recruited by the Soviets around the same (or at least a nearby) time as Fuchs.[6]

According to articles published in Russia by The New Times（英语：The New Times (magazine)）, Perseus would have collaborated with the Soviet government for purely ideological reasons to the point that they refused any financial rewards in exchange for classified information, since they were convinced that the United States would use the atomic bomb against the Soviet Union, allegedly claiming that:

"The Pentagon is of the opinion [...] that it will take the Soviet Union decades to harness atomic energy. In the meantime, America will destroy socialism by means of the uranium bomb."[6]

With Morris Cohen in Europe, his wife, Lona Cohen, took it upon herself to travel to Albuquerque on one or two occasions (depending on the source consulted) to serve as a carrier.

Once there, Lona Cohen would have received information allegedly directly from Perseus, and took it to the Soviet consul in New York, Anatoli Yatskov（英语：Anatoli Yatskov）. This information allegedly included crucial details about the Trinity Test, which was detonated in July 1945（英语：July 1945）.[6]

In the 1950s, Perseus was supposedly under the control of Rudolf Abel.[7]

According to one source, Perseus was supposedly still alive in 1991.[6]

Perseus was also allegedly referred by or identified with the code names of «Mr. X»,[6] «Youngster»,[8] FOGEL,[9] PERS[8][9][10] and «Mlad».[8][11]

Alleged confirmations of existence[编辑]

Vladimir Chikov[编辑]

In April 1991, KGB colonel and public relations officer Vladimir Chikov published articles in the Russian weekly "The New Times（英语：New Times (magazine)）" in which he commented on the existence of a Russian spy who worked in the Manhattan project under the code name of Perseus, giving details of his recruitment and achievements.[6]

Regarding the information published by Chikov in The New Times, an article in The Washington Post comments:

"There are some contradictions and inconsistencies in Chikov's version of how Perseus was recruited, which make his New Times article a somewhat unreliable source. But unless the Russian intelligence agency is playing a gigantic hoax, there seems little doubt that the Kremlin had such an agent. The latest batch of intelligence documents contains information that could only have come from a scientist with direct access to the innermost secrets of the Manhattan Project."[6]

Anatoli Yatskov[编辑]

In an interview published in 1992, the former Soviet consul in New York, Anatoli Yatskov, confirmed the existence of Perseus,[6] as an important figure among scientists working on the Manhattan project.[12]

During his tenure as consul, Yatskov used the pseudonym Anatoly Yakovlev and served as a Soviet intelligence agent, coordinating atomic spies（英语：atomic spies） in the United States.[6]

Yatskov gave details about Perseus' recruitment, how he sent information from New Mexico to New York (through Morris Cohen's wife), and confirmed that the Soviet Union received information from both, Klaus Fuchs and Perseus.[6]

Morris Cohen and Lona Cohen[编辑]

In an interview given before his death in 1995, the American-born Soviet spy Morris Cohen confirmed that in addition to Karl Fuchs, there was a second physicist in the Manhattan project who worked as a Soviet spy.[3]

The details in Cohen's story coincide with the statements of Colonel Vladimir Chikov a few years ago, such as the recruitment of people close to the Manhattan Project as spies, the existence (suspected by the American intelligence) of an unidentified scientist who collaborated with Soviet intelligence, and the interaction of said scientist with Lona Cohen (Morris Cohen's wife) to transport stolen information.[4]

According to Cohen, by the fall of 1994 there were very few people left in Soviet intelligence ("two or maybe three") who knew the real name of the second spy scientist.[3]

For her part, shortly before her death in 1992, Lona Cohen had a telephone interview with historian Walter Schneir. In that interview, Lona Cohen confirmed that she had made at least one trip between Albuquerque and New York to transport classified information stolen to the United States, but she could not quite remember who she had interviewed with in New Mexico, saying that it was probably a scientist or physicist.[6]

References in the Venona project[编辑]

主条目：Venona project

The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program run by the Signal Intelligence Service（英语：Signal Intelligence Service） that (later became part of the National Security Agency,) started in the Second World War and was active since February 1943（英语：February 1943） to October 1980（英语：October 1980）.[13]

The objective of the program was to intercept and decrypt messages from diplomats, intelligence agencies (such as the NKVD and the KGB), business representatives and other actors of the Soviet government.[14]

Despite the fact that only a fraction of the messages intercepted by Venona were suitable for decryption,[15] the project left an archive of around 3000 decrypted and translated messages.[16]

Although there is no mention of Perseus in the Venona files, there are references to a spy under the code name PERS[10] or FOGEL.[9] Apparently, at some point the codename PERS was turned into Perseus by mistake.[9]

PERS was identified in the Venona files as part of the group of four Soviet spies (of which only 3 had been identified) who infiltrated the Manhattan Project.[9]

Despite the fact that by 2012 a publication by NSA's Center for Cryptologic History described PERS as "important, but still unidentified",[10] the references in the Venona files have been questioned[8] or even used to confirm that Perseus never existed.[11]

4th spy at Los Álamos[编辑]

From the early 1950s till 1995, three Soviet spies had been confirmed to have infiltrated Los Alamos: Klaus Fuchs (German physicist), David Greenglass（英语：David Greenglass） (military man and brother-in-law of Julius Rosenberg) and Theodore Hall（英语：Theodore Hall） (American physicist).[11]

Fuchs voluntarily confessed to British MI5 authorities in January 1950（英语：January 1950）[17] and this subsequently lead to Greenglass in June of that same year.[18] Finally, Hall's involvement was not identified until the release of documents from Venona in 1995,[11] a few years before his death in 1999.[19]

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, publications like those by Chikov and Yatskov strengthened the theory of a possible fourth spy in Los Alamos, who would have been identified as Perseus (the PERS in the Venona files) or FOGEL.[9]

Alleged rebuttals of existence[编辑]

Pavel Sudoplatov[编辑]

In 1994 the lieutenant general and Soviet agent Pavel Sudoplatov published a book titled Special Tasks.[20]

In the book, Sudoplatov referred to the statements made by Anatoly Yatskov, and stated that he did not remember that code name and, that in his opinion, it could be that Yatskov or his associates created Perseus to cover the true identities of Soviet informants.[20]

However, Sudoplatov also acknowledged that the codename Perseus was used to refer to or cover a number agents and anonymous sources.[21]

John Earl Haynes[编辑]

United States Cold War historian John Earl Haynes（英语：John Earl Haynes） concluded that Perseus was an invention[8] relying on the research of authors Joseph Albright, Marcia Kunstel and Gary Kern.[11]

In an index of false names, pseudonyms, and real names of spies, Haynes notes under the Perseus entry that:

"“Perseus” also “Mlad”/“Youngster” aka Arthur Fielding: unidentified Soviet source, American physicist in the Manhattan Project. Likely a faked composite by Vladimir Chikov and the SVR combining part of the story of Theodore Hall with misdirection and distortion."[8]

However, Haynes acknowledges that although Perseus was an invention, there must have been a 4th Soviet spy operating in Los Alamos during the development of the Manhattan project in addition to the 3 spies identified until 1995: Klaus Fuchs, David Greenglass（英语：David Greenglass） and Theodore Hall.[11]

Albright and Kunstel[编辑]

In their book "Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy", the authors Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel dedicate the twentieth chapter to Perseus under the title of "The Perseus Myth" in which they conclude that the spy never existed.[2]

According to the authors, the KGB may have created Perseus for the purposes of self-promotion, justify its own existence, and even to secure more state funding.[2]

Gary Kern[编辑]

In 2006 mail that was made public, author Gary Kern explained why he believed Perseus was an invention. Kern believes that Perseus was an extremely risky disinformation operation with multiple objectives, including:[22]

  1. Show that the KGB was vital for the Soviet Union and, after 1991, for Russia.
  2. Prove that the KGB dominated the field (intelligence and espionage) better than the American and British agencies, since the latters were never able to catch the hypothetical Russian agent.
  3. Give more credit and prestige to Soviet intelligence agents for the development of nuclear weapons, even if this meant diminsh the contribution of Soviet scientists.
  4. Use Soviet spies of foreign origin living in Russia for propaganda, particularly the Cohens.
  5. Have some financial gain with the possible sell of the story.

Alleged identities[编辑]

Although the American physicist Philip Morrison（英语：Philip Morrison） was pointed out as Perseus possible real identity, the evidence for this was poor and the contradictions various.

Philip Morrison[编辑]

In April 1999 American scientist, activist and, president of the Federation of American Scientists from 1970 to 2000; Jeremy Stone（英语：Jeremy Stone）, published his memoirs under the title Every Man Should Try: Adventures of a Public Interest Activist.[5]

Motivated by an article in The Washington Post about Vladimir Chikov's publications in Russia,[20] Stone decided to take on the subject, and in his book he disclosed conversations and visits he had with someone he knew personally and only identified with the pseudonym "Scientist X" (or "Dr. X" [20][23]), and explained why he believed that this "Scientist X" was the real Perseus.[5]

Despite the use of a pseudonym, thanks to the information in the book, the "Scientist X" was easily identified as Philip Morrison（英语：Philip Morrison）, a physicist from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[5]

Morrison denied the accusation and gave a solid rebuttal against it,[24][25] noting that:

  • According to Chikov, Perseus participated in the Spanish Civil War, but during this (1936 - 1939) Morrison was studying or about to graduate from Berkeley.[24] In addition to the fact that during his childhood Morrison contracted Polio, which affected his legs to the point that he required a cane to walk, making it unlikely that he could fight in a war.[5]
  • According to another source, Perseus would have been in New York City between 1941 and 1942 visiting his parents, but at the time Morrison's parents resided in Philadelphia[5] and his family lived in Pittsburgh.[24]

On the other hand, the reasons that led Stone to suspect Morrison were questioned. Namely, those reasons included:[5]

  • Stone thought that the ideas expressed in a phrase attributed to Perseus were similar to ideas expressed by Morrison (although Stone accepted that, had Perseus existed, his phrases would have been in English, to later be translated into Russian (in publications such as Chikov's) and then translated back into English by US media).
  • During a 1994 conversation between the two, Stone was already suspicious of Morrison, so he brought up the subject of Perseus indirectly and Morrison's reaction (according to Stone) was so nervous that his knees trembled, but this could be explained by the aftermath of the polio that Morrison suffered in his childhood.

To all of the above, Stone accepted Morrison's rebuttal, stating that: "In the light of these facts, which I certainly cannot contradict, [...] I can only accept your denial that you are Perseus."[23]

Finally, thanks to the controversy raised by the event, several academics and people close to the Federation of American Scientists expressed their wishes for Stone to apologize, and even the idea of calling Stone to present his resignation as head of the Federation.[5]

Oscar Seborer[编辑]

According to historian John Earl Haynes and academic Harvey Klehr, thanks to FBI documents that were declassified in the 2010s, they were able to confirm the existence of a suspected fourth spy who they identified as Oscar Seborer（英语：Oscar Seborer）.[11]

Seborer was an American engineer who was drafted into the United States Army in 1942[26] and, like all his siblings, had sympathy for the Communist Party USA.[27]

Given his education as an engineer, Seborer was assigned to the Special Engineer Detachment,[26] a program that identified members of the army with specific skills or technical training, and funneled them to the Manhattan project.[28][29]

However, Haynes and Klehr are emphatic that Seborer should not be identified with Perseus, since while Perseus would have been an invention probably based on Theodore Hall, Seborer's life and profile have no relation to the characteristics attributed to Perseus.[11]

The American physicist and Soviet spy Theodore Hall shares some characteristics attributed to Perseus.

Theodore Hall[编辑]

According to historian John Eark Haynes and academic Harvey Klehr, although Perseus never really existed,[11] some aspects of his character were based on or coincide with the American Soviet spy and physicist Theodore Hall（英语：Theodore Hall）.[8] These aspects include:

  1. Age: Hall was the youngest scientist working on the Manhattan project,[19] while the possible reference by Morris Cohen defines Perseus as young[3] and another codename attributed to Perseus is "Youngster".[8]
  2. Parents residence: According to Vladimir Chikov, Perseus would have sought to be recruited by the KGB in New York City, after a visit to his parents.[5] Hall's parents lived in New York City, and were coincidentally visited by Hall about the same time.[24]
  3. Attributed code names: According to Haynes and Klehr, the use of the code name "Mlad" has been wrongly attributed to Perseus, but it actually identified Hall.[11] Likewise, the code name "Youngster" has been attributed to both Hall[8] and Perseus.[9]
  4. Lifespan: According to Vladimir Chikov, Perseus was still alive in 1991,[6] while Hall did not pass away until 1999[19] and his identity as a spy was not exposed until 1995.[11]

Born in New York City, Hall was an American physicist who was considered a prodigy from an early age and graduate from Harvard University at 18. Concerned about the advance of fascism at the time, Hall developed sympathies for socialism.[30]

Although Haynes and Klehr noted that the agent identified as Perseus (or sometimes as "Mlad") has attributes and characteristics that do not match Hall, they still concluded that Perseus must have actually been an invention, the result of a misinformation operation with the goal of protecting Hall, who was still alive in the early 1990s.[11] Which could explain the presence of attributes that coincide between both at the same time of others that do not.

In popular culture[编辑]

On August 19, 2020, Perseus was first referenced in the worldwide teaser trailer（英语：Teaser campaign） for Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War.[31][32][33] He was later confirmed as the main antagonist in the game's campaign which is set in the 1980s and flashbacks of the Vietnam War.[34] Perseus is voice acted by American actor William Salyers.[35]

參見[编辑]

參考書目[编辑]

參考文獻[编辑]

  1. ^ Klehr & Haynes 2019，第1,13頁.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Albright & Kunstel 1997，第267–277頁.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Morris Cohen; stole U.S. Atoms secrets for Soviets. 芝加哥論壇報. Cox Media Group（英语：Cox Media Group）. June 28, 1995 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2020） （英语）. I think that two or maybe three people remain in the Russian Intelligence Service who know his real name. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 American spy for Soviets dies with secret. 巴尔的摩太阳报. Cox Media Group（英语：Cox Media Group）. June 28, 1995 [November 11, 2020] （英语）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Chandler, David L. Friendship lost in 'Perseus' quest; Espionage: A respected activist's charges that a Manhattan Project scientist shared U.S. nuclear secrets with the Soviets has created a rift between them.. 巴尔的摩太阳报. June 14, 1999 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于February 28, 2020） （英语）. 
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 Dobbs, Michael. How Soviets stole U.S. Atoms Secrets. 华盛顿邮报. October 4, 1992 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2020） （英语）. 
  7. ^ Egorov, Boris. Who is the mysterious Soviet spy ‘Perseus’ from the new Call of Duty game?. www.rbth.com. 2020-08-21 [2021-09-29] （美国英语）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Haynes, John Earl. Cover Name, Cryptonym, Pseudonym, and Real Name Index. A Research Historian's Working Reference. Compiled by John Earl Haynes.. www.johnearlhaynes.org/. April 2009 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于August 28, 2020） （英语）. “Perseus” also “Mlad”/“Youngster” [...] Likely a faked composite by Vladimir Chikov and the SVR combining part of the story of Theodore Hall with misdirection and distortion. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957. Preface.. Central Intelligence Agency. March 19, 2007 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 1, 2006） （英语）. The four assets apparently were Klaus Fuchs (covernames CHARLES and REST), David Greenglass (covernames BUMBLEBEE and CALIBRE), Theodore Alvin Hall (covername YOUNGSTER [MLAD]), and a source covernamed FOGEL and PERS; see New York 1749-50 to Moscow, 13 December 1944, Translation 76. PERS seems to have been arbitrarily or erroneously converted to "Perseus" (there is no covername Perseus in the Venona messages) in Russian memoirs as the Soviet and Russian intelligence services sought to describe a high-level source in the Manhattan Project. For more on Russian claims for Perseus, see Chikov, "How the Soviet intelligence service `split' the American atom," (Part 1), p. 38. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Benson 2012，第18頁.
  11. ^ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 Klehr & Haynes 2019，第1頁.
  12. ^ Sagdeev 1993，第35頁.
  13. ^ Benson 2012，第7-8頁.
  14. ^ Benson 2012，第5頁.
  15. ^ Benson 2012，第15頁.
  16. ^ Benson 2012，第14頁.
  17. ^ Goodman 2005，第130–131頁.
  18. ^ Rhodes 1995，第428–30頁.
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Cowell, Alan S. Theodore Hall, Prodigy and Atomic Spy, Dies at 74. www.nytimes.com. New York Times. November 10, 1999 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 10, 2020） （英语）. Theodore Alvin Hall, who was the youngest physicist to work on the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos during World War II and was later identified as a Soviet spy, died on Nov. 1 in Cambridge, England, where he had become a respected, if not a truly leading, pioneer in biological research. He was 74. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Rothstein 1999，第18頁.
  21. ^ Schecter, Jerrold L. In Defense of Gen. Sudoplatov's Story. The Washington Post. May 2, 1994 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2020） （英语）. 
  22. ^ Gary, Kern. The PERSEUS Disinformation Operation (Kern). lists.h-net.org/ (邮件列表). February 17, 2006 [November 11, 2020] （英语）. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Accuser in Spy Case Accepts a Denial. www.nytimes.com. New York Times. May 14, 1999 [September 25, 2020]. （原始内容存档于October 17, 2020） （英语）. In the light of these facts, which I certainly cannot contradict, Mr. Stone wrote in response on Tuesday, I can only accept your denial that you are Perseus. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Rothstein 1999，第19頁.
  25. ^ Goodwin, Irwin. New Book Unmasks Scientist X as Spy, But Facts of Case Tell a Different Story. Physics Today（英语：Physics Today）. July 1999, 52 (7): 39–40 [September 24, 2020]. Bibcode:1999PhT....52g..39G. doi:10.1063/1.882748. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2020）. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Klehr & Haynes 2019，第5頁.
  27. ^ Klehr & Haynes 2019，第4頁.
  28. ^ Jones 1985，第349頁.
  29. ^ Jones 1985，第497頁.
  30. ^ Curley, Robert (编). Theodore Hall. American-born physicist and spy.. www.britannica.com (Encyclopedia article.). Encyclopædia Britannica. [September 25, 2020]. （原始内容存档于October 30, 2020） （英语）. 
  31. ^ Parrish, Ash. Call of Duty: Black Ops: Cold War Is The Next Call Of Duty. kotaku.com. August 19, 2020 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于August 29, 2020） （英语）. 
  32. ^ Hollister, Sean. Call of Duty Black Ops: Cold War is official, will be 'inspired by actual events'. www.theverge.com. August 19, 2020 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 5, 2020） （英语）. 
  33. ^ Onder, Cade. Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War officially revealed. GameZone. August 19, 2020 [August 23, 2020]. （原始内容存档于August 30, 2020） （英语）. 
  34. ^ Higham, Michael. Call Of Duty: Black Ops Cold War Revealed: A Direct Sequel To Black Ops 1. www.gamespot.com. August 27, 2020 [November 11, 2020]. （原始内容存档于November 13, 2020） （英语）. 
  35. ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12929868/

外部連結[编辑]


[[Category:冷战]] [[Category:冷战间谍]] [[Category:曼哈顿计划]] [[Category:曼哈頓計畫人物]] [[Category:核武保密]] [[Category:蘇聯核子武器計畫]] [[Category:苏联间谍]] [[Category:维诺那计划]] [[Category:1940年代美国]]

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