User:Cypp0847/佔領 (抗議)

As an act of protest, occupation is a strategy often used by social movements and other forms of collective social action in order to take and hold public and symbolic spaces, buildings, critical infrastructure such as entrances to train stations, shopping centers, university buildings, squares, and parks.^[1]^[2] Opposed to a military occupation which attempts to subdue a conquered country, a protest occupation is a means to resist the status quo and advocate a change in public policy.^[3]^[4] Occupation attempts to use space as an instrument in order to achieve political and economic change, and to construct counter-spaces in which protesters express their desire to participate in the production and re-imagination of urban space.^[3]^[2] Often, this is connected to the right to the city, which is the right to inhabit and be in the city as well as to redefine the city in ways that challenge the demands of capitalist accumulation.^[2] That is to make public spaces more valuable to the citizens in contrast to favoring the interests of corporate and financial capital.^[5]

Unlike other forms of protest like demonstrations, marches and rallies, occupation is defined by an extended temporality and is usually located in specific places.^[6] In many cases local governments declare occupations illegal because protesters seek to control space over a prolonged time. Thus occupations are often in conflict with political authorities and forces of established order, especially the police.^[3]^[7] These confrontations in particular attract media attention.^[8]^[9]

Occupation, as a means of achieving change, emerged from worker struggles that sought everything from higher wages to the abolition of capitalism. Often called a sit-down strike, it is a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at a factory or other centralized location, take possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from replacing them with strikebreakers or, in some cases, moving production to other locations.

The recovered factories in Argentina is an example of workplace occupations moving beyond addressing workplace grievances, to demanding a change in ownership of the means of production.

The Industrial Workers of the World were the first American union to use it, while the United Auto Workers staged successful sit-down strikes in the 1930s, most famously in the Flint Sit-Down Strike of 1936-1937. Sit-down strikes were declared illegal by the US supreme court, but are still used by unions such as the UMWA in the Pittston strike, and the workers at the Republic Windows and Doors factory in Chicago.

The Occupy Wall Street movement, inspired amongst others by the Arab Spring and the Indignados movement of Spain, started a global movement in which the occupation of public spaces is a key tactic. During these protests in 2011, the tactic of occupation was used in a new way as protesters wanted to remain indefinitely until they were heard, resisting police and government officials who wanted to evict them. In contrast to earlier protest encampments these occupations mobilized more people during a longer time period in more cities. This gained them worldwide attention.^[3]

著名佔領行動


	事件	地點	備註
1932年	酬恤金進軍事件	美国华盛顿哥伦比亚特区	第一次世界大战的退役老兵及家屬的佔領活動
1936-37年	弗林特靜坐罷工（英语：Flint_Sit-Down_Strike）	美国密西根州弗林特
1968年	3月22日運動（英语：Movement of 22 March）	法國巴黎第十大学	佔領第十大学
1968年5月13日	索邦佔領委員會（英语：Sorbonne Occupation Committee）	法國巴黎索邦大学
1968年			Poor People's Campaign organized by Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference occupation of the National Mall.
1968年	哥倫比亞大學學生抗議運動	美国紐約哥倫比亞大學
			The 1969 occupation of City College by a group consisting largely of Black and Puerto Rican students that demanded and won open admissions at CUNY.
			The 1969 occupation of Alcatraz by American Indians.
1973年	美国印第安运动	美国南达科他州伤膝
			The Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp in England which began protesting the placement of nuclear-armed cruise missiles in 1981.
1989年	中国北京天安門廣場	六四事件
1990年	臺灣	野百合學運
2005年	黎巴嫩	雪杉革命
2006年	墨西哥瓦哈卡	瓦哈卡示威（英语：2006 Oaxaca protests）	瓦哈卡市被佔領150日
			The February 2008 occupation of Symphony Way by the Symphony Way Pavement Dwellers after the largest home invasion in South Africa's history. Residents occupied the main thoroughfare for 1 year and 9 months.
			The flux of student occupations at universities in New York City over the 2008-9 year, including NYU and The New School.
2009年	美国加州		The occupations of university buildings during the 2009 California college tuition hike protests.
2009年初	英国		全國多間大學的學生舉行佔領行動^[10]^[11]
			The tent city known as "Democracy Village" erected in Parliament Square in London, in 2010.
			The occupation of some university buildings in the UK in November 2010 and early 2011 in response to cuts by the coalition Conservative-Liberal Democrat government including those to public services, welfare handouts and all levels of education (notably the increase of tuition fees in combination to funding cuts).^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]
2011年	埃及開羅解放广场	2011年革命
2011-12年	全球	佔領行動（英语：Occupy movement）
2011年	美国纽约	佔領華爾街
2011年2月	美国威斯康辛州議會大廈	2011年抗議	示威者就勞工權益議題而佔領位於麦迪逊的威斯康辛州議會大廈，此乃佔領華爾街的前兆
2011-12年	西班牙	反紧缩运动
			The several massive occupations of improductive land in Brazil by the largest mass movement of the world, the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, from 1973 up to now.^[16]
2014年	臺灣臺北立法院	太陽花學運	佔領立法院
2014年	香港	雨傘革命	示威者爭取普遍選舉
2015年	荷蘭阿姆斯特丹大學	邦吉樓和處女樓佔領行動（英语：Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis occupations）	示威者抗議預算被減，以及要求大學更民主
			2015 Occupy LSE,^[17] a six-week occupation against the neoliberalisation of LSE and the UK Higher Education system.
			2018 UCU Strike Solidarity Occupations. Student occupations took place on over 20 UK university campuses and the UUK London Offices in support of the 4-week UCU national strike over a pensions dispute. Some occupations lasted for over a month and continued after the strike had ended, calling for an end to the neo-liberalisation and marketisation of higher education and in support of the rights of low-income workers at universities such as cleaners and security guards^[18].