User:Goodmartin/乌克兰语拉丁字母

维基百科，自由的百科全书
约瑟夫·罗津斯基著作《鲁塞尼亚人的婚礼》（"Ruskoje wesile"，1835年）扉页。此书是以作者所创之乌克兰语拉丁字母写成

现时，乌克兰语以西里尔字母拼写。在历史上，以拉丁字母书写乌克兰语（烏克蘭語：Латинка，羅馬化：Latynka或Łatynka）的提议曾多次出现。但是，这些方案最终均未能取代传承已久的西里尔字母的地位。

Characteristics[编辑]

The Ukrainian literary language has been written with the Cyrillic script in a tradition going back to the introduction of Christianity and the Old Church Slavonic language to Kievan Rus’. Proposals for Latinization, if not imposed for outright political reasons, have always been politically charged, and have never been generally accepted, although some proposals to create an official Latin alphabet for Ukrainian language have been expressed lately by national intelligentsia. Technically, most have resembled the linguistically related Polish and Czech alphabets.

While superficially similar to a Latin alphabet, transliteration of Ukrainian from Cyrillic into the Latin script (or romanization) is usually not intended for native speakers, and may be designed for certain academic requirements or technical constraints. See romanization of Ukrainian.

The Mozilla Add-ons website published the Ukrajinsjka Latynka extension to transliterate Ukrainian texts from Cyrillic to Latin script on web pages.[1]

History[编辑]

参见：Alphabetical War

Ukrainian was occasionally written in the Latin script as far back as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in publications using the Polish and Czech alphabets. In the nineteenth century, there were attempts to introduce the Latin script into Ukrainian writing, by J. Lozinskiy (波蘭語：Josyp Łozyńskyj), a Ukrainian scholar and priest from Lviv (Josyp Łozyński Ivanovyč, Ruskoje wesile, 1834),[2] Tomasz Padura, and other Polish-Ukrainian romantic poets.

The use of the Latin script for Ukrainian was promoted by authorities in Galicia under the Austrian Habsburg Empire. Franz Miklosich developed a Latin alphabet for Ukrainian in 1852, based on the Polish and Czech alphabets (adopting Czech č, š, ž, dž, ď, ť, Polish ś, ź, ć, ń, and ľ following the same pattern). Czech politician Josef Jireček took an interest in this concept, and managed to gain support for the project in the Imperial Ministry of Interior. As part of a Polonization campaign in Galicia during the period of neo-absolutist rule after 1849, Viceroy Agenor Gołuchowski attempted to impose this Latin alphabet on Ukrainian publications in 1859. This started a fierce publicly debated Alphabetical War (烏克蘭語：Азбучна війна), and in the end the Latin alphabet was rejected. Ukrainian books continued to be published in Cyrillic, while the Latin alphabet was used in special editions "for those who read Polish only" in Galicia, Podlaskie, and the Chełm region.

A Latin alphabet for Ukrainian publications was also imposed in Romanian Bessarabia, Bukovina and Dobrudja, Hungarian Zakarpattia. It was also used by immigrants from these regions in the United States.

In Ukraine under the Russian Empire, Mykhailo Drahomanov promoted a purely phonemic Cyrillic alphabet (the Drahomanivka) including the Latin letter ј in 1876, replacing the digraphs я, є, ю, ї with ја, је, ју, јі, similar to the earlier Karadžić reform of the Serbian alphabet. The Ems Ukaz banning Ukrainian-language publication doomed this reform to obscurity.

In Soviet Ukraine, during the 1927 orthographical conference in Kharkiv, linguists Maik Yohansen, Borys Tkachenko, and Mykola Nakonechnyi proposed the application of the more "international" Latin script to Ukrainian, but the idea was opposed by Soviet government representatives. Later, Vasyl Simovych (烏克蘭語：Сімович Василь Іванович) was a proponent of the Latin script during the tentative Latinization in the USSR.

Variations[编辑]

Abecadło[编辑]

更多信息：Abecadło

Some letters borrowed from Polish were used in the Ukrainian Łatynka as stated above, which also has a close resemblance to the Belarusian Łacinka. Although never broadly accepted, it was used mostly by Ukrainians living in territories near Poland (where it was called Abecadło).[3] The orthography is explained in Łatynycia, a western Ukrainian publication of the 1900s.

The Ukrainian Latin alphabet: Abecadło
(a western Ukrainian publication, 约1900年代)
A a B b C c Ć ć Cz cz D d D́ d́ E e F f G g
А а Б б Ц ц Ць ць Ч ч Д д Дь дь Е е Ф ф Ґ ґ
 
H h I i J j K k L l Ł ł M m N n Ń ń O o
Г г І і Й й К к Ль ль Л л М м Н н Нь нь О о
P p R r Ŕ ŕ S s Ś ś Sz sz T t T́ t́ U u W w
П п Р р Рь рь С с Сь сь Ш ш Т т Ть ть У у В в
 
  Y y Z z Ź ź Ż ż  
  И и З з Зь зь Ж ж  

As example, the Introduction of Josyp Łozynśkyj's Ruskoje Wesile ('Ruthenian Wedding', 1834):

Perédmowa
W tym opysi skazuju, jaksia wesile po sełach meży prostym ruskim ludom widprawlaje. Ne mohu jednako utrymowaty, jakoby toj sposób wesile widprawlaty wsiude newidminni był zachowanym; bo hdenekodyj szczoś dodajut, hdeinde szczoś wypuskajut, a znowu hdeinde szczoś widminiajut. Syła w mojej syli było, starał-jemsia w rozmaitych misciach obradki i pisny ruskoho wesila póznaty i pérekonał-jemsia że prynajmni szczo do hołownych obradkiw i pisnéj wsiude tymże samym sposobom wesilesia widprawlaje. I toj sposób opysałjem w nynijszуj knyżoczci dodajuczy jednako hdenekodyj i miscowyi widminy. Moim najperszym i najbohatszym a nawet́ i nihdy newyczerpanym źridłom, z kotorohom tyi widomosty czerpał, było dopytowanie po sełach tych ludej, kotryi czasto na wesilach bywały i wesilnyi uŕady pistowały. Nykotorych obradkiw był jem sam okozritelnym świdkom.

伊雷切克式[编辑]

约瑟夫·伊雷切克提出的拉丁字母方案更接近捷克语字母，但也从波兰语字母引入了ć，ń，ś，ź等字母。

伊雷切克式
A a B b C c Ć ć Č č Ch ch D d Ď ď Dz dz Dź dź
А а Б б Ц ц ЦЬ ць Ч ч Х х Д д ДЬ дь Дз дз Дзь дзь
Dž dž E e Ě ě F f G g H h I i J j K k L l
Дж дж Е е Є є1 Ф ф Ґ ґ Г г І і (Й) (й) К к Л л
Ľ ľ Ł ł M m N n Ń ń O o P p R r Ŕ ŕ S s
Л(Ь) л(ь) Л л2 М м Н н НЬ нь О о П п Р р РЬ рь С с
Ś ś Š š Šč šč T t Ť ť U u ü V v W w X x
СЬ сь Ш ш Щ щ Т т ТЬ ть У у і3 В в В в4 Кс кс4
Y y Z z Ź ź Ž ž
И и З з ЗЬ зь Ж ж
  1. ^ For є which is used in place of Old Church Slavonic ѧ or Polish ę (e.g. sěhnuty, děkovaly, ščěstje, devěť).
  2. ^ For л in old Slavic ъl + cons. (e.g. vołk). Jireček mistakenly believed there are three types of L in Ukrainian – hard (hart) l, soft (erweicht) ľ and potentiated hard (potenziert hart) ł.
  3. ^ For і, which derives from Old Church Slavonic о (as Jireček distinguished і < о and і < е, ѣ). EG. кість - küsť, гвіздь - hvüźď.
  4. ^ In foreign words only.

Modern versions[编辑]

In modern Ukraine, use of Latin alphabets for the Ukrainian language is very rare. However, discussions of a united format of Latynka and its status still continue. The most popular modern versions are Luchukivka (based on Czech orthography close to Jireček's project and presented by Ivan Luchuk) and Ukrainian Gajica (based on Croatian orthography). In western Ukraine, the Abecadło alphabet is also used, but to a lesser extent than Luchukivka.

Since Ukraine's independence in 1991, the country began to use only characters that occur in both the Cyrillic and the Latin alphabet for vehicle registration plates: A, B, E, I, K, M, H, O, P, C, T, X.

各正写法对比[编辑]

此处以乌克兰国歌（2003年以前版本）为例。

西里尔字母 罗津斯基式[2] 伊雷切克式 基于盖伊式[4] 官方拉丁转写
Ще не вмерла України ні слава, ні воля.
Ще нам, браття молодії, усміхнеться доля.
Згинуть наші воріженьки, як роса на сонці,
Запануєм і ми, браття, у своїй сторонці.

Душу й тіло ми положим за нашу свободу
І покажем, що ми, браття, козацького роду! 		Szcze ne wmerła Ukrainy ni sława, ni wola.
Szcze nam, brattia molodii, usmichneťsia dola.
Zhynuť naszi woriżeńky, jak rosa na sonci,
Zapanujem i my, brattia, u swoij storonci.

Duszu j tiło my położym za naszu swobodu,
I pokażem, szczo my, brattia, kozaćkoho rodu. 		Šče ne vmerla Ukrajiny ni slava, ni voľa.
Šče nam, bratťa molodiji, usmichnet sě doľa.
Zhynut naši vorüžeńky, jak rosa na sonci,
Zapanujem i my, bratťa, u svojij storonci.

Dušu j tilo my položym za našu svobodu,
I pokažem, ščo my, bratťa, kozaćkoho rodu. 		Šče ne vmerla Ukrajiny ni slava, ni volja.
Šče nam, brattja molodiji, usmixnetjsja dolja.
Zhynutj naši voriženjky, jak rosa na sonci,
Zapanujem i my, brattja, u svojij storonci.

Dušu j tilo my položym za našu svobodu,
I pokažem, ščo my, brattja, kozacjkoho rodu. 		Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy, ni slava, ni volia.
Shche nam, brattia molodii, usmikhnetsia dolia.
Zghynut nashi vorizhenky, yak rosa na sontsi,
Zapanuiem i my, brattia, u svoii storontsi.

Dushu y tilo my polozhym za nashu svobodu
I pokazhem, shcho my, brattia, kozatskoho rodu.

注释[编辑]

  1. ^ Ukrajinsjka Latynka | Українська латинка – Add-ons for Firefox. Firefox Add-ons. [2018-07-11]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 J. Lozinskiy. Ruskoje wesile. W Peremyszły, w Typografii Władycznój gr. kat. 1835
  3. ^ "Latynska abetka"
  4. ^ Ярослав Михайлишин Транслітерація чи латинська абетка для української мови

參見[编辑]

參考[编辑]

Contemporary literature concerning the Alphabet Wars:

  • Markijan Szaszkewicz. Azbuka i abecadło (1836). Przemyśl.
  • Ivan Franko. Азбучна війна в Галичині 1859 – 'The Alphabet War in Galicia 1859'.
  • J. Łewićki (1834). Review of the Introduction of the Polish Alphabet to Ruthenian Writing.
  • Josyp Lozynskyj (1834). "On the Introduction of the Polish Alphabet to Ruthenian (Ukrainian) Writing", «О wprowadzeniu abecadła polskiego do pismiennictwa ruskiego».
  • M. Šaškevyč. Азбука і abecadło.

外部連結[编辑]

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Goodmartin/乌克兰语拉丁字母&oldid=71022089”