User:KLEk2005/沙盒/汉化

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本页面有内容譯自英語維基百科页面“Romanization of Khmer”（原作者列于其历史记录页）。

本页面有高棉文字母，操作系统及浏览器須支持特殊字母与符号才能正確显示为高棉文字母，否则可能變成乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。

高棉语罗马化 是使用拉丁字母转写高棉语的方案。常用于人名、地名中。

高棉语的罗马化方案[编辑]

柬埔寨地名常使用将高棉文一一映射到拉丁字母（有时附加变音符号）转写的罗马化方案。尽管将两种形式的元音都考虑在内，写出来的结果因没有对不发音字母和不规则发音特殊对待而不总能反映出标准的高棉语发音。

使用转录时，词汇根据它们的发音被罗马化。但高棉语的发音因使用者和地区而异。高棉语的罗马化转写常在网络论坛和聊天室中被特意设计出来，其结果有时也被称作Khmenglish或是Khmerlish。这些罗马化方案通常是以英语发音为蓝本设计字母的，尽管其也会受到高棉语拼写的影响（比如说用 s而非h 来表示送气音）。

因为高棉语的正字法中一些发音不只对应着一个字符，转写方案也常常不能保留在高棉文里所有的这些字符的区别，故从发音为基础的罗马化转写还原出原有的高棉语拼法是不太可能的。

下面几个常用的高棉文拉丁化系统。

UNGEGN[编辑]

由联合国地名专家组发布的高棉语罗马化方案是以BGN/PCGN系统为蓝本的。尽管柬埔寨地政局在1995年修订的一套高棉语罗马化方案在其国内投入使用^[1] ，其被用在最近的一些地图或地名词典中的柬埔寨地名。

UNGEGN里的对应关系详见高棉文。

柬埔寨地政局[编辑]

The Geographic Department of the Cambodian Ministry of Land Management and Urban Planning has developed a modified version of the UNGEGN system,^[2] originally put forward in 1995, and used in the second edition of the Gazetteer of Cambodia in 1996. Further modifications were made in 1997, and the system continues to be used in Cambodia.^[1]

The main change made in this system compared with the UNGEGN system is that diacritics on vowels are omitted. Some of the vowels are also represented using different letter combinations.

BGN/PCGN[编辑]

A system used by the United States Board on Geographic Names and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use, published in 1972. It is based on the modified 1959 Service Géographique Khmer (SGK) system.^[3]

ALA-LC Romanization Tables[编辑]

This system (also called Transliteration System for Khmer Script), from the American Library Association and Library of Congress,^[4] romanizes Khmer words using the original Indic values of the Khmer letters, which are often different from their modern values. This can obscure the modern Khmer pronunciation, but the system has the advantage of relative simplicity, and facilitates the etymological reconstruction of Sanskrit and Pali loanwords whose pronunciation may be different in modern Khmer. The system is a modification of that proposed by Lewitz (1969), and was developed by Franklin Huffman of Cornell University and Edwin Bonsack of the Library of Congress for the library cataloguing of publications in Khmer.

Example words written in each romanization system[编辑]

English	Khmer	Romanization
English	Khmer	UNGEGN (or BGN/PCGN)	Geographic Department	ALA-LC
Khmer script	អក្សរខ្មែរ	'âksâr khmêr	'aksar khmaer	ʿʹaksar khmaer
Cambodia	កម្ពុជា	Kâmpŭchéa	Kampuchea	Kambujā
centre	មណ្ឌល	môndôl	mondol	maṇḍal
brightness	ពន្លឺ	pônlœ	ponlueu	banlȳ
peace	សន្តិភាព	sântĕphéap	santepheap	santibhāb
belief	ជំនឿ	chumnœă	chumnoea	jaṃnẏa
to go	ទៅ	tŏu	tov	dau

Tables of romanization systems[编辑]

This chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of Khmer: UNGEGN (or BGN/PCGN), Geographic Department and ALA-LC:

Consonants[编辑]

1st series 2nd series^{[note 1]}

Khmer			UNGEGN (or BGN/PCGN)	Geographic Department	ALA-LC
Full form	Subscript form	IPA	UNGEGN (or BGN/PCGN)	Geographic Department	ALA-LC
ក	្ក	[k]	ka	Ka	k
ខ	្ខ	[kʰ]	kha	Kha	kh
គ	្គ	[k]	Ga	Go	g
ឃ	្ឃ	[kʰ]	Gha	Gho	gh
ង	្ង	[ŋ]	Ṅa	Ṅo	ng
ច	្ច	[c]	Ca	Ca	c
ឆ	្ឆ	[cʰ]	Cha	Cha	ch
ជ	្ជ	[c]	Ja	Jo	j
ឈ	្ឈ	[cʰ]	Jha	Jho	jh
ញ	្ញ	[ɲ]	Ña	Ño	ñ
ដ	្ដ	[ɗ]	Ṭa	Ṭa	ṭ
ឋ	្ឋ	[tʰ]	Ṭha	Ṭha	ṭh
ឌ	្ឌ	[ɗ]	Ḍa	Do	ḍ
ឍ	្ឍ	[tʰ]	Ḍha	Ḍho	ḍh
ណ	្ណ	[n]	Ņa	Ņa	ṇ
ត	្ត	[t]	Ta	Ta	t
ថ	្ថ	[tʰ]	Tha	Tha	th
ទ	្ទ	[t]	Da	Do	d
ធ	្ធ	[tʰ]	Dha	Dho	dh
ន	្ន	[n]	Na	No	n
ប	្ប	[ɓ], [p]	Pa	Pa,Ba^{[note 2]}	p
ផ	្ផ	[pʰ]	Pha	Pha	ph
ព	្ព	[p]	Ba	Bo, po [Note 2]	b
ភ	្ភ	[pʰ]	Bha	Bho	bh
ម	្ម	[m]	Ma	Mo	m
យ	្យ	[j]	Ya	Yo	y
រ	្រ	[r]	Ra	Ro	r
ល	្ល	[l]	La	Lo	l
វ	្វ	[ʋ]	Va	Vo	v
ឝ	្ឝ	[s]	Śa	sha	ś
ឞ	្ឞ	[s]	Ṣa	Sha	ṣ
ស	្ស	[s]	Sa	Sa	s
ហ	្ហ	[h]	Ha	Ha	h
ឡ	―	[l]	Ļa	La	ḷ
អ	្អ	[ʔ]	A	A	A

Dependent vowels[编辑]

Khmer	UNGEGN (or BGN/PCGN)		Geographic Department		ALA-LC
Khmer	A-series	O-series	A-series	O-series	A-series
◌◌	â	ô	a	o	a
◌់	á	ó	a	o	á
ា	a	éa	a	ea	ā
ា់, ័◌	ă	eă, oă	a	ea, oa	â
ៈ	ă	eă	ak	eak	à
័យ	ăy	oăy	ai	ey	ăy
ិ	ĕ	ĭ	e	i	i
ី	ei	i	ei	i	ī
ឹ	œ̆	œ̆	oe	ue	ẏ
ឺ	œ	œ	eu	ueu	ȳ
ុ	ŏ	ŭ	o	u	u
ូ	o	u	ou	u	ū
ួ	uŏ	uŏ	uo	uo	ua
ើ	aeu	eu	aeu	eu	oe
ឿ	œă	œă	oea	oea	ẏa
ៀ	iĕ	iĕ	ie	ie	ia
េ	é	é	e	e	e
ែ	ê	ê	ae	eae	ae
ៃ	ai	ey	ai	ey	ai
ោ	aô	oŭ	ao	ou	o
ៅ	au	ŏu	au	ov	au
ុំ	om	ŭm	om	um	uṃ
ំ	âm	um	am	um	aṃ
ាំ	ăm	ŏâm	am	oam	āṃ
ាំង	ăng	eăng	ang	eang	āṃng
ះ	ăh	eăh	ah	eah	aḥ
ិះ	ĕh	ĭh	eh	is	iḥ
ឹះ	œ̆h	œ̆h	oeh	ueh	ẏḥ
ុះ	ŏh	ŭh	oh	uh	uḥ
េះ	éh	éh	eh	eh	eḥ
ើះ	aeuh	euh	aeuh	euh	oeḥ
ែះ	êh	êh	aeh	eaeh	aeḥ
ោះ	aôh	ŏăh	aoh	uoh	oaḥ

Independent vowels[编辑]

Khmer	UNGEGN (or BGN/PCGN)	Geographic Department	ALA-LC
អ	â	a	a
អា	a	a	ā
ឥ	ĕ	e	i
ឦ	ei	ei	ī
ឧ	ŏ, ŭ	o, u	u
ឩ	o, u	ou, u	ū
ឪ	âu	au	ýu
ឫ	rœ̆	rue	ṛ
ឬ	rœ	rueu	ṝ
ឭ	lœ̆	lue	ḷ
ឮ	lœ	lueu	ḹ
ឯ	ê	ae	ae
ឰ	ai	ai	ai
ឱ, ឲ	aô	ao	o
ឳ	au	au	au

International Phonetic Alphabet transcription[编辑]

Various authors have used systems based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to transcribe Khmer. One such system is used in the books of Franklin E. Huffman and others;^[5] a more recent scheme is that used in J.M. Filippi's 2004 textbook Everyday Khmer or Khmer au quotidien.^[6] These systems differ in certain respects: for example, Huffman's uses doubling of vowel symbols to indicate long vowels, whereas Filippi's uses the IPA triangular colon vowel length symbol.

Notes[编辑]

^ Khmer consonants belong to two classes that dictate the value of dependent vowels.
^ When accompanied by a subscript form, it is romanized as p in the 1st series, although the Khmer diacritical mark ៉ is generally omitted: ប្លែង → plaeng, ប្អូន → p'oun, ប្រាប់ → prab.

References[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names – Khmer, UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems, September 2013 (linked from WGRS website).
^ Geographical Names of the Kingdom of Cambodia, submitted by Cambodia to the 8th UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, 2002 (also addendum with corrections).
^ Romanization System for Khmer (Cambodian), BGN/PCGN 1972 System.
^ ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Khmer, rev. 2012.
^ For example, Franklin E. Huffman, Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader with Drills and Glossary, Adam Wood, 1970 (downloadable PDF).
^ Jean Michel Filippi, Everyday Khmer, Funan, Phnom Penh , 2004. French edition: Filippi et al., Khmer au quotidien, Librairie You-Feng, 2008.

External links to romanization tables[编辑]

UNGEGN (PDF - 166kb)
Geographic Department (PDF)
ALA-LC (PDF - 1,064kb)
BGN/PCGN (PDF - 334.49kb)

[5] Khmer consonants belong to two classes that dictate the value of dependent vowels.

[6] When accompanied by a subscript form, it is romanized as p in the 1st series, although the Khmer diacritical mark ៉ is generally omitted: ប្លែង → plaeng, ប្អូន → p'oun, ប្រាប់ → prab.

[un-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names – Khmer, UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems, September 2013 (linked from WGRS website).

[2] Geographical Names of the Kingdom of Cambodia, submitted by Cambodia to the 8th UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, 2002 (also addendum with corrections).

[3] Romanization System for Khmer (Cambodian), BGN/PCGN 1972 System.

[4] ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Khmer, rev. 2012.

[7] For example, Franklin E. Huffman, Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader with Drills and Glossary, Adam Wood, 1970 (downloadable PDF).

[8] Jean Michel Filippi, Everyday Khmer, Funan, Phnom Penh , 2004. French edition: Filippi et al., Khmer au quotidien, Librairie You-Feng, 2008.

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