山蟻亞科
外观
山蚁亚科 | |
---|---|
费拉弓背蚁 Camponotus fellah | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
目: | 膜翅目 Hymenoptera |
科: | 蟻科 Formicidae |
亚科: | 蚁亞科 Formicinae Lepeletier, 1836 |
模式属 | |
Formica Linnaeus, 1758
| |
多样性 | |
現生約51屬11族 |
山蟻亞科(Formicinae),或稱蟻亞科,隸屬於蟻科,現生共 51 屬 11 族,共 3,182 個現生物種[1]。已滅絕共 31 屬 197 個物種[1]。山蟻亞科為唯一可分泌蟻酸的亞科[2],除了家蟻亞科 / 紅火蟻屬/入侵紅火蟻。
特徵
[编辑]腹柄節單節,呈結狀或片狀(後腹柄節完全消失)。腹部末端有一個環形或U型的開口(酸孔),通常被毛覆蓋,不具螫針,可透過酸孔射出蟻酸以禦敵。大部分物種複眼完整發育,可能具有單眼。觸角與頭部連結的地方不被面隆突(frontal carinae)遮蓋。前中胸背板縫線存在且具彈性[3]。
除了土棲的物種以外,山蟻亞科特徵較為原始,如繭、工蟻具有單眼,大部分物種小顎鬚、下唇鬚及觸角節數減少數量不多。大部分物種罕有大顎高度特化的現象,除了長顎山蟻屬和悍蟻屬。
族與屬
[编辑]山蟻亞科的族級分類地位尚待釐清,以下清單主要來自 AntCat[1],但還有加入其他的資料來源。
- 巨山蟻族 Camponotini Forel, 1878
- 丽蚁属 Calomyrmex Emery, 1895
- 弓背蟻屬 Camponotus Mayr, 1861 – carpenter ants (global),巨山蟻屬
- † Chimaeromyrma Dlussky, 1988
- 恐蚁属 Dinomyrmex (Latreille, 1802)
- 海胆蚁属 Echinopla Smith, 1857
- Opisthopsis Dalla Torre, 1893
- Overbeckia Viehmeyer, 1916
- 棘山蟻屬 Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 (Asian, African tropics)
- †偽巨山蟻屬 Pseudocamponotus Carpenter, 1930
- 山蟻族 Formicini Latreille, 1809
- Alloformica Dlussky, 1969
- Bajcaridris Agosti, 1994
- 箭蚁属 Cataglyphis Foerster, 1850
- † Cataglyphoides Dlussky, 2008
- † Conoformica Dlussky, 2008
- 山蟻屬 Formica Linnaeus, 1758
- 伊比蚁属 Iberoformica Tinaut, 1990
- 悍蟻屬 Polyergus Latreille, 1804 – Amazon ants
- 原山蟻屬 Proformica Ruzsky, 1902
- †原始山蟻屬 Protoformica Dlussky, 1967
- Rossomyrmex Arnol'di, 1928
- Gesomyrmecini Ashmead, 1905
- 短角蚁属 Gesomyrmex Mayr, 1868
- † Prodimorphomyrmex Wheeler, 1915
- Santschiella Forel, 1916
- † Sicilomyrmex Wheeler, 1915
- 碩眼山蟻族 Gigantiopini Ashmead, 1905
- 碩眼山蟻屬 Gigantiops Roger, 1863 (Neotropical)
- 毛山蟻族 Lasiini Ashmead, 1905
- 尖尾蚁属 Acropyga Roger, 1862,臀山蟻屬
- 捷蟻屬 Anoplolepis Santschi, 1914,捷山蟻屬
- Cladomyrma Wheeler, 1920
- † Glaphyromyrmex Wheeler, 1915
- Lasiophanes Emery, 1895
- 毛山蟻屬 Lasius Fabricius, 1804,毛蚁属
- Melophorini Forel, 1912
- 蜜罐蚁属 Melophorus Lubbock, 1883 (澳大利亚)
- Myrmecocystus Wesmael, 1838
- Prolasius Forel, 1892
- Stigmacros Forel, 1905
- 奇蟻屬 Teratomyrmex McAreavey, 1957
- Myrmecorhynchini Wheeler, 1917
- 短蟻屬 Brachymyrmex Mayr, 1868
- Myrmecorhynchus André, 1896
- 微蚁属 Myrmelachista Roger, 1863
- Myrmelachistini [4][5][6]
- Notoncus Emery, 1895
- Pseudonotoncus Clark, 1934
- 長顎山蟻族 Myrmoteratini Emery, 1895
- 長顎山蟻屬 Myrmoteras Forel, 1893
- Notostigmatini Bolton, 2003
- Notostigma Emery, 1920
- 織葉蟻族 Oecophyllini Emery, 1895
- 織葉蟻屬 Oecophylla Smith, 1860,編織蟻屬 – weaver ants
- Plagiolepidini Forel, 1886
- Agraulomyrmex Prins, 1983
- Aphomomyrmex Emery, 1899
- Bregmatomyrma Wheeler, 1929
- Euprenolepis Emery, 1906
- 鱗山蟻屬 Lepisiota Santschi, 1926, 刺结蚁属
- 尼氏蚁属 Nylanderia Emery, 1906,尼蘭德山蟻屬
- Paraparatrechina Donisthorpe, 1947
- Paraparatrechina albipes (Emery, 1899) Emery, 1899
- Paraparatrechina brunnella LaPolla & Cheng
- Paraparatrechina concinnata LaPolla & Cheng
- Paraparatrechina foreli (Emery, 1914)
- Paraparatrechina gnoma LaPolla & Cheng
- Paraparatrechina illusio LaPolla & Fisher, 2014
- Paraparatrechina kongming (Terayama, 2009) Terayama, 2009
- Paraparatrechina lecamopteridis
- Paraparatrechina luminella LaPolla & Fisher, 2014
- Paraparatrechina minutula
- Paraparatrechina myops LaPolla & Fisher
- Paraparatrechina neela Sahanashree, Punnath & Priyadarsanan, 2024[7]
- Paraparatrechina ocellatula LaPolla & Fisher
- Paraparatrechina opaca
- Paraparatrechina oreias LaPolla & Cheng
- Paraparatrechina pallida
- Paraparatrechina sauteri
- Paraparatrechina splendida LaPolla & Cheng
- Paraparatrechina umbranatis LaPolla & Cheng
- Paraparatrechina weissi
- 立毛蚁属 Paratrechina Motschoulsky, 1863,黃山蟻屬 – crazy ants
- Petalomyrmex Snelling, 1979
- 斜结蚁属 Plagiolepis Mayr, 1861,斜山蟻屬
- 前結山蟻屬 Prenolepis Mayr, 1861
- 偽毛山蟻屬 Pseudolasius Emery, 1887
- Tapinolepis Emery, 1925
- 颀蚁属 Zatania LaPolla, Kallal & Brady, 2012
- 亚科地位未定的属:
- † Attopsis Heer, 1850
- † Leucotaphus Donisthorpe, 1920
- † Liaoformica Hong, 2002
- † Longiformica Hong, 2002
- † Magnogasterites Hong, 2002
- † Orbicapitia Hong, 2002
- † Ovalicapito Hong, 2002
- † Ovaligastrula Hong, 2002
- † Protrechina Wilson, 1985
- † Sinoformica Hong, 2002
- † Sinotenuicapito Hong, 2002
- † Wilsonia Hong, 2002
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Barry Bolton. AntCat. [2020-06-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-08).
- ^ FERGUS J. O'ROURKE. FORMIC ACID PRODUCTION AMONG THE FORMICIDAE. Annals Entomological Society of America. 1950, (43): 437-443.
- ^ Subfamily: Formicinae. antweb.org. AntWeb. [21 September 2013]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-02).
- ^ Ward, Philip S.; Blaimer, Bonnie B.; Fisher, Brian L. A revised phylogenetic classification of the ant subfamily Formicinae(Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with resurrection of the genera Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex. Zootaxa (Magnolia Press). 2016, 4072 (3). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4072.3.4.
- ^ Christopher M. Wilson; Autumn Smith-Herron. Morphology of the male genitalia of Brachymyrmex and their implications in the Formicinae phylogeny. Journal of Hymenoptera Research (Pensoft Publishers). 2016, 50: 81–95. ISSN 1070-9428. doi:10.3897/JHR.50.8697.
- ^ AntWeb. California Academy of Sciences. [2018-03-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-10).
- ^ Ramakrishnaiah Sahanashree, Aswaj Punnath, Dharma Rajan Priyadarsanan. 2024. A Remarkable New Species of Paraparatrechina Donisthorpe (1947) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae) from the Eastern Himalayas, India. ZooKeys. 1203: 159-172. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1203.114168