第一民族

第一民族
第一民族
	; ; ; ; ; 第一民族旗帜
总人口
	698,025
语言
	美洲原住民语言; 加拿大英语 ; 加拿大法语
宗教信仰
	基督教 ; 加拿大圣公会; 传统信仰

第一民族（英语：First Nations；法语：Premières Nations），又译第一国族，是数个加拿大境内民族的通称，法定与印第安人同义，指的是在现今加拿大境内的北美洲原住民及其子孙，但是不包括因纽特人和梅蒂人。在加拿大，原住民的全国性组织是第一民族议会（英语：Assembly of First Nations，法语：Assemblée des premières nations）。

辞源

加拿大原住民由“第一民族”（First Nations）、“因纽特人”（Inuit）、^[2]和“梅蒂人”（Métis）^[3]组成。^[4]^[5]“First Nations”一词在1970、80年代起被广泛使用，取代了原先所用的“Indian band”。^[6]索尔·桑德斯（Elder Sol Sanderson）宣称在1980年代初期创造了这个词。^[7] 有些人则认为其是出现于1970年代，用以回避使用有冒犯性的“印第安人”（Indian）。这个词尚未有具体的法律定义。一些原住民部落也以“First Nation”取代名称上原来的“band”。^[8]

目前“印第安人”（Indian）这词虽然依然是法律用语，但在加拿大的已渐渐不再使用。^[9]^[10] 而美国政府和其他国家使用的“Native Americans”一词则不常用于加拿大，^[5]通常只用于称呼于美国境内的原住民。^[11]同样，“Native Canadian”一词也不常见，然而“Natives”和“autochthones”（希腊词根auto和chthon，意即土地）却有被使用。根据1763年王室公告，^[12]官方称呼英属北美的原住民为“部落”或“民族”。

文化

第一民族通常分类为共通的文化圈，依地域区分为副极地，东北林地，平原，高原，西北海岸。

根据加拿大2006年人口普查，原住民人口数为1,172,790 (3.75%)，其中第一民族人口数为698,025(2.23%)。^[13]

政府

第一民族自治政府的首领和议会，有权管理其下的医院、学校。在公共事业、环境保护以及建筑法规等也有很大的自治权限。但过度的集权可能是第一民族自治政府功能失调的原因之一。^[14]

问题

第一民族的生活并不理想，他们中大多数人的生活条件只能比得上如海地这样的发展中国家。^[15]^[16]第一民族的失业率、^[17]犯罪率、^[18]药物滥用率^[19]比全国平均水平高，受教育率低，贫困程度高，以及胎儿乙醇综合征等健康问题。^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

其出生时的预期寿命也较低，2001数据估计第一民族男女寿命低于全国平均水平。^[24]与非原住民相比，同性别间的自杀率高出两倍、同年龄段的自杀率更高出三倍。^[25]

原住民组成的黑帮，其中大部分位于温尼伯，也是一个很大的社会问题。^[26]

糖尿病

第一民族的糖尿病患病率与其他民族相比高得非同寻常，其2型糖尿病患病率可能是由于外部环境、基因以及生物因素（例：节俭表型假设），^[27]不过具体情况还不清楚。^[28]

参考文献

^ Aboriginal Identity (2006 Census). Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-20）.
^ "(ARTICLE 1 – DEFINITION 6)" Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) – ICC Charter 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Application Design & Development Indelta Communication. 2007 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-05）.
^ final Written Submissions of Federal Crown In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court (PDF). Factum of the Federal Crown Canada; University of Manitoba, Faculty of Law. 2007 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-26）.
^ The Canadian Atlas Online First Peoples. Canadian Geographic. [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-08）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Terminology. Aboriginal Peoples & Communities. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2009-06-03 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-24）.
^ Gibson, Gordon. A New Look at Canadian Indian Policy: Respect the Collective – Promote the Individual. 2009. ISBN 978-0-88975-243-6.
^ Assembly of First Nations 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2006-05-23., p. 74.
^ Terminology 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-08-13.. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
^ Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Communications Branch of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2004 [2010-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-14）.
^ Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Métis (PDF). Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of BC. 2009 [2010-06-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-27）.
^ Hill, Liz. National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Institution. 2007 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-13）.
^ Wilson, W.R. The Royal Proclamation of 1763. 2004 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-27）.
^ Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20%. Statistics Canada Census: 2006 Census: Data products Topic-based tabulations. Government of Canada. 2008-06-12 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-20）.
^ [John]. The First Nation Governance System: A Brake on Closing the Community Well-being Gap (PDF). Institute on Governance. April 2010 [17 July 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011年6月16日）. 请检查|author-link1=值 (帮助)
^ O'Neil, Peter. A Canadian community compared to Haiti — at minus-40C | Vancouver Sun. Blogs.vancouversun.com. [2013-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-04）.
^ Stop the blame game. The Star. [2013-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-10）.
^ Natives in Canada suffer from high unemployment – June 14, 2005. Indianz.Com; Noble Savage Media, LLC; Ho-Chunk, Inc. 2000–2005 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2008-11-29）.
^ Gorelick, Melissa. Discrimination of Aboriginals on native lands in Canada: a comprehensive crisis – September 2007. UN Chronicle (CBS Interactive Inc.). 2007 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-10）.
^ Health Canada – National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program. Government of Canada. 2006-03-06 [2008-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-06）.
^ Health Canada -First Nations, Inuit and Aboriginal Health – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects. Government of Canada. 2007-11-146 [2010-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-23）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Poverty to blame for TB among Aboriginals: experts. CTV News. November 14, 200 [2008-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-04）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Health Canada – Statistical Profile on the Health of First Nations in Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-28）.
^ Jennissen, Therese. Health issues in rural Canada – B. People of Aboriginal Origin. Political and Social Affairs Division. Government of Canada. December 1992 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-19）.
^ First Nations Comparable Health Indicators. Health Canada First Nations, Inuit & Aboriginal Health Diseases & Health Conditions. Government of Canada. 2007-03-16 [2008-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-12）.
^ Robinson, B.A. Suicide among Canada's First Nations. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2007-01-03 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-12）.
^ Native gangs spreading across Canada, says RCMP. CTV.ca. 2010-03-16 [2010-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-24）.
^ Pollard, T. M. 2008. Western Diseases: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapter 4: The thrifty genotype versus thrifty phenotype debate: efforts to explain between population variation in rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Dyck R, Osgood N, Lin TH, Gao A, and Stang MR (2010) Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among First Nations and non-First Nations adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 182:249-256; published ahead of print January 18, 2010, doi:10.1503/cmaj.090846^{[永久失效链接]}

外部链接

Aboriginal Perspectives^{[永久失效链接]} A National Film Board of Canada website with documentaries on Canada's Aboriginal Peoples, including films by Aboriginal filmmakers.
Aboriginal Virtual Exhibits from Canadian Museums （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Assembly of First Nations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The Canadian Museum of Civilization – First Peoples Section （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
First Nations Seeker （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
First Nations News Wire Service （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
A History of Aboriginal Treaties and Relations in Canada （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
1946 Report: Medical survey of nutrition among the Northern Manitoba Indians （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[Aboriginal_Identity_2006_Census-1] Aboriginal Identity (2006 Census). Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-20）.

[ICCcharter-2] "(ARTICLE 1 – DEFINITION 6)" Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) – ICC Charter 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Application Design & Development Indelta Communication. 2007 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-05）.

[3] Written Submissions of Federal Crown In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court (PDF). Factum of the Federal Crown Canada; University of Manitoba, Faculty of Law. 2007 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-26）.

[4] The Canadian Atlas Online First Peoples. Canadian Geographic. [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-08）.

[term-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Terminology. Aboriginal Peoples & Communities. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2009-06-03 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-24）.

[gibson5-6] Gibson, Gordon. A New Look at Canadian Indian Policy: Respect the Collective – Promote the Individual. 2009. ISBN 978-0-88975-243-6.

[7] Assembly of First Nations 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2006-05-23., p. 74.

[8] Terminology 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-08-13.. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Retrieved 12 April 2012.

[9] Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Communications Branch of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2004 [2010-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-14）.

[indian-10] Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Métis (PDF). Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of BC. 2009 [2010-06-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-27）.

[11] Hill, Liz. National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Institution. 2007 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-13）.

[12] Wilson, W.R. The Royal Proclamation of 1763. 2004 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-27）.

[13] Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20%. Statistics Canada Census: 2006 Census: Data products Topic-based tabulations. Government of Canada. 2008-06-12 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-20）.

[14] [John]. The First Nation Governance System: A Brake on Closing the Community Well-being Gap (PDF). Institute on Governance. April 2010 [17 July 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011年6月16日）. 请检查|author-link1=值 (帮助)

[15] O'Neil, Peter. A Canadian community compared to Haiti — at minus-40C | Vancouver Sun. Blogs.vancouversun.com. [2013-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-04）.

[16] Stop the blame game. The Star. [2013-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-10）.

[17] Natives in Canada suffer from high unemployment – June 14, 2005. Indianz.Com; Noble Savage Media, LLC; Ho-Chunk, Inc. 2000–2005 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2008-11-29）.

[18] Gorelick, Melissa. Discrimination of Aboriginals on native lands in Canada: a comprehensive crisis – September 2007. UN Chronicle (CBS Interactive Inc.). 2007 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-10）.

[19] Health Canada – National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program. Government of Canada. 2006-03-06 [2008-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-06）.

[20] Health Canada -First Nations, Inuit and Aboriginal Health – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects. Government of Canada. 2007-11-146 [2010-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-23）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[21] Poverty to blame for TB among Aboriginals: experts. CTV News. November 14, 200 [2008-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-04）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[22] Health Canada – Statistical Profile on the Health of First Nations in Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-28）.

[23] Jennissen, Therese. Health issues in rural Canada – B. People of Aboriginal Origin. Political and Social Affairs Division. Government of Canada. December 1992 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-19）.

[24] First Nations Comparable Health Indicators. Health Canada First Nations, Inuit & Aboriginal Health Diseases & Health Conditions. Government of Canada. 2007-03-16 [2008-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-12）.

[25] Robinson, B.A. Suicide among Canada's First Nations. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2007-01-03 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-12）.

[26] Native gangs spreading across Canada, says RCMP. CTV.ca. 2010-03-16 [2010-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-24）.

[27] Pollard, T. M. 2008. Western Diseases: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapter 4: The thrifty genotype versus thrifty phenotype debate: efforts to explain between population variation in rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[10.1503/cmaj.090846-28] Dyck R, Osgood N, Lin TH, Gao A, and Stang MR (2010) Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among First Nations and non-First Nations adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 182:249-256; published ahead of print January 18, 2010, doi:10.1503/cmaj.090846^{[永久失效链接]}

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