第一民族
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第一民族 | |
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总人口 | |
698,025[1] | |
语言 | |
美洲原住民语言 加拿大英语 加拿大法语 | |
宗教信仰 | |
基督教 加拿大圣公会 传统信仰 |
第一民族(英语:First Nations;法语:Premières Nations),又译第一国族,是数个加拿大境内民族的通称,法定与印地安人同义,指的是在现今加拿大境内的北美洲原住民及其子孙,但是不包括因纽特人和梅蒂人。在加拿大,原住民的全国性组织是第一民族议会(英语:Assembly of First Nations,法语:Assemblée des premières nations)。
辞源
[编辑]加拿大原住民由“第一民族”(First Nations)、“因纽特人”(Inuit)、[2]和“梅蒂人”(Métis)[3]组成。[4][5]“First Nations”一词在1970、80年代起被广泛使用,取代了原先所用的“Indian band”。[6]索尔·桑德斯(Elder Sol Sanderson)宣称在1980年代初期创造了这个词。[7] 有些人则认为其是出现于1970年代,用以回避使用有冒犯性的“印地安人”(Indian)。这个词尚未有具体的法律定义。一些原住民部落也以“First Nation”取代名称上原来的“band”。[8]
目前“印地安人”(Indian)这词虽然依然是法律用语,但在加拿大的已渐渐不再使用。[9][10] 而美国政府和其他国家使用的“Native Americans”一词则不常用于加拿大,[5]通常只用于称呼于美国境内的原住民。[11]同样,“Native Canadian”一词也不常见,然而“Natives”和“autochthones”(希腊词根auto和chthon,意即土地)却有被使用。根据1763年王室公告,[12]官方称呼英属北美的原住民为“部落”或“民族”。
文化
[编辑]第一民族通常分类为共通的文化圈,依地域区分为副极地,东北林地,平原,高原,西北海岸。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Censusdivisions-ethnic.png/170px-Censusdivisions-ethnic.png)
根据加拿大2006年人口普查,原住民人口数为1,172,790 (3.75%),其中第一民族人口数为698,025(2.23%)。[13]
政府
[编辑]第一民族自治政府的首领和议会,有权管理其下的医院、学校。在公共事业、环境保护以及建筑法规等也有很大的自治权限。但过度的集权可能是第一民族自治政府功能失调的原因之一。[14]
问题
[编辑]第一民族的生活并不理想,他们中大多数人的生活条件只能比得上如海地这样的发展中国家。[15][16]第一民族的失业率、[17]犯罪率、[18]药物滥用率[19]比全国平均水平高,受教育率低,贫困程度高,以及胎儿乙醇综合征等健康问题。[20][21][22][23]
其出生时的预期寿命也较低,2001数据估计第一民族男女寿命低于全国平均水平。[24]与非原住民相比,同性别间的自杀率高出两倍、同年龄段的自杀率更高出三倍。[25]
原住民组成的黑帮,其中大部份位于温尼伯,也是一个很大的社会问题。[26]
糖尿病
[编辑]第一民族的糖尿病患病率与其他民族相比高得非同寻常,其2型糖尿病患病率可能是由于外部环境、基因以及生物因素(例:节俭表型假设),[27]不过具体情况还不清楚。[28]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Aboriginal Identity (2006 Census). Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-08]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-20).
- ^ "(ARTICLE 1 – DEFINITION 6)" Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) – ICC Charter 请检查
|url=
值 (帮助). Application Design & Development Indelta Communication. 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-05). - ^ final Written Submissions of Federal Crown In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court (PDF). Factum of the Federal Crown Canada; University of Manitoba, Faculty of Law. 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-26).
- ^ The Canadian Atlas Online First Peoples. Canadian Geographic. [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-08).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Terminology. Aboriginal Peoples & Communities. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2009-06-03 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-24).
- ^ Gibson, Gordon. A New Look at Canadian Indian Policy: Respect the Collective – Promote the Individual. 2009. ISBN 978-0-88975-243-6.
- ^ Assembly of First Nations 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2006-05-23., p. 74.
- ^ Terminology 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2012-08-13.. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Communications Branch of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2004 [2010-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2007-11-14).
- ^ Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Métis (PDF). Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of BC. 2009 [2010-06-26]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-27).
- ^ Hill, Liz. National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Institution. 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-13).
- ^ Wilson, W.R. The Royal Proclamation of 1763. 2004 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-27).
- ^ Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20%. Statistics Canada Census: 2006 Census: Data products Topic-based tabulations. Government of Canada. 2008-06-12 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-20).
- ^ [John]. The First Nation Governance System: A Brake on Closing the Community Well-being Gap (PDF). Institute on Governance. April 2010 [17 July 2011]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011年6月16日). 请检查
|author-link1=
值 (帮助) - ^ O'Neil, Peter. A Canadian community compared to Haiti — at minus-40C | Vancouver Sun. Blogs.vancouversun.com. [2013-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2013-02-04).
- ^ Stop the blame game. The Star. [2013-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2011-12-10).
- ^ Natives in Canada suffer from high unemployment – June 14, 2005. Indianz.Com; Noble Savage Media, LLC; Ho-Chunk, Inc. 2000–2005 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-29).
- ^ Gorelick, Melissa. Discrimination of Aboriginals on native lands in Canada: a comprehensive crisis – September 2007. UN Chronicle (CBS Interactive Inc.). 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-10).
- ^ Health Canada – National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program. Government of Canada. 2006-03-06 [2008-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-06).
- ^ Health Canada -First Nations, Inuit and Aboriginal Health – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects. Government of Canada. 2007-11-146 [2010-01-22]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-23).
- ^ Poverty to blame for TB among Aboriginals: experts. CTV News. November 14, 200 [2008-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-04).
- ^ Health Canada – Statistical Profile on the Health of First Nations in Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-28).
- ^ Jennissen, Therese. Health issues in rural Canada – B. People of Aboriginal Origin. Political and Social Affairs Division. Government of Canada. December 1992 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2010-01-19).
- ^ First Nations Comparable Health Indicators. Health Canada First Nations, Inuit & Aboriginal Health Diseases & Health Conditions. Government of Canada. 2007-03-16 [2008-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-12).
- ^ Robinson, B.A. Suicide among Canada's First Nations. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2007-01-03 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2006-12-12).
- ^ Native gangs spreading across Canada, says RCMP. CTV.ca. 2010-03-16 [2010-03-16]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-24).
- ^ Pollard, T. M. 2008. Western Diseases: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapter 4: The thrifty genotype versus thrifty phenotype debate: efforts to explain between population variation in rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Dyck R, Osgood N, Lin TH, Gao A, and Stang MR (2010) Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among First Nations and non-First Nations adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 182:249-256; published ahead of print January 18, 2010, doi:10.1503/cmaj.090846[永久失效链接]
外部链接
[编辑]- Aboriginal Perspectives[永久失效链接] A National Film Board of Canada website with documentaries on Canada's Aboriginal Peoples, including films by Aboriginal filmmakers.
- Aboriginal Virtual Exhibits from Canadian Museums (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Assembly of First Nations (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Canadian Museum of Civilization – First Peoples Section (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- First Nations Seeker (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- First Nations News Wire Service (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- A History of Aboriginal Treaties and Relations in Canada (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 1946 Report: Medical survey of nutrition among the Northern Manitoba Indians (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)