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Penile Fracture
File:Penisfraktur 01.jpg
Penile fracture
分类和外部资源
医学专科Urology
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Penile fracture is rupture of one or both of the tunica albuginea, the fibrous coverings that envelop the penis's corpora cavernosa. It is caused by rapid blunt force to an erect penis, usually during Sexual intercourse, or aggressive masturbation.[1] It sometimes also involves partial or complete rupture of the urethra or injury to the dorsal nerves, veins and arteries.[2]

Signs and symptoms

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A popping or cracking sound, significant pain, swelling, immediate loss of erection leading to flaccidity, and skin hematoma of various sizes are commonly associated with the sexual event.[1][3]

Causes

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Cross-section of the human penis

Penile fracture is a relatively uncommon clinical condition.[4] Vaginal intercourse and aggressive masturbation are the most common causes.[1] A 2014 study of accident and emergency records at three hospitals in Campinas, Brazil, showed that woman on top positions caused the greatest risk with the missionary position being the safest. The research conjectured that when the receptive partner is on top, they usually control the movement and are not able to interrupt movement when the penis suffers a misaligned penetration. Conversely, when the penetrative partner is controlling the movement, they have better chances of stopping in response to pain from misalignment, minimizing harm.[4]

The practice of taqaandan (also taghaandan) also puts men at risk of penile fracture. Taqaandan, which comes from a Kurdish word meaning "to click", involves bending the top part of the erect penis while holding the lower part of the shaft in place, until a click is heard and felt. Taqaandan is said to be painless and has been compared to cracking one's knuckles, but the practice of taqaandan has led to an increase in the prevalence of penile fractures in western Iran.[5] Taqaandan may be performed to achieve detumescence.[6]

Diagnosis

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Imaging studies

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Ultrasound examination is able to depict the tunica albuginea tear in the majority of cases (as a hypoechoic discontinuity in the normally echogenic tunica). In a study on 25 patients, Zare Mehrjardi et al. concluded that ultrasound is unable to find the tear just when it is located at the penile base. In their study magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) accurately diagnosed all of the tears (as a discontinuity in the normally low signal tunica on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences). They concluded that ultrasound should be considered as the initial imaging method, and MRI can be helpful in cases that ultrasound does not depict any tear but clinical suspicions for fracture are still high. In the same study, authors investigated accuracy of ultrasound and MRI for determining the tear location (mapping of fracture) in order to perform a tailored surgical repair. MRI was more accurate than ultrasound for this purpose, but ultrasound mapping was well correlated with surgical results in cases where the tear was clearly visualized on ultrasound exam.[7] The advantage of ultrasound in the diagnosis of penile fracture is unrivaled when its noninvasive, cost-effective, and nonionising nature are considered. [8]

Penile trauma can result from a blunt or penetrating injury, the latter being rarely investigated by imaging methods, almost always requiring immediate surgical exploration. In the erect penis, trauma results from stretching and narrowing of the tunica albuginea, which can undergo segmental rupture of one or both of the corpora cavernosa, constituting a penile fracture.[9]

In the ultrasound examination, a lesion of the tunica albuginea presents as an interruption in (loss of continuity of) the echoic line representing it (Figure 4). Small, moderate, or broad hematomas demonstrate the extent of that discontinuity. Intracavernous hematomas, sometimes without the presence of a tunica albuginea fracture, can be observed when there is a lesion of the smooth muscle of the trabeculae surrounding the sinusoid spaces or the subtunical venular plexus.[9]

In 10-15% of penile traumas, there can be an accompanying urethral lesion. When blood is observed in the urethral meatus, contrast-enhanced evaluation of the urethra is necessary. In cases in which the ultrasound findings are inconclusive, the use of magnetic resonance imaging can facilitate the diagnosis and is recommended by various authors.[9]

Treatment

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Penile fracture is a medical emergency, and emergency surgical repair is the usual treatment. Delay in seeking treatment increases the complication rate. Non-surgical approaches result in 10–50% complication rates including erectile dysfunction, permanent penile curvature, damage to the urethra and pain during sexual intercourse, while operatively treated patients experience an 11% complication rate.[1][10]

In some cases, retrograde urethrogram may be performed to rule out concurrent urethral injury.[10]

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In the United States, the case of Doe v. Moe, 63 Mass. App. Ct. 516, 827 N.E.2d 240 (2005), tested liability for a penile fracture injury caused during sexual intercourse. The court declined to find duty as between two consensual adults. The plaintiff in this case, a man who suffered a fractured penis, complained that the defendant, his ex-girlfriend, had caused his injury while she was on top of him during sexual intercourse. The court ruled in her favor, determining that her conduct was neither legally wanton nor reckless.

References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Greenberg's Text-Atlas of Emergency Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 22 November 2004: 318 [15 October 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7817-4586-4. 
  2. ^ Haas CA, Brown SL, Spirnak JP. Penile fracture and testicular rupture. World J Urol. April 1999, 17 (2): 101–6. PMID 10367369. doi:10.1007/s003450050114. 
  3. ^ Stein DM, Santucci RA. An update on urotrauma. Current Opinion in Urology. July 2015, 25 (4): 323–30. PMID 26049876. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000184. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Reis, Leonardo O.; Cartapatti, Marcelo; Marmiroli, Rafael; Oliveira Júnior, Eduardo Jeronimo de; Saade, Ricardo Destro; Fregonesi, Adriano. Mechanisms Predisposing Penile Fracture and Long-Term Outcomes on Erectile and Voiding Functions. Advances in Urology. 2014, 2014: 1–4. PMC 4005103可免费查阅. PMID 24822062. doi:10.1155/2014/768158. 
  5. ^ Nuzzo, Regina. Preventing penile fractures and Peyronie's disease - latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 9 February 2009. 
  6. ^ Zargooshi J. Penile fracture in Kermanshah, Iran: report of 172 cases. J. Urol. August 2000, 164 (2): 364–6. PMID 10893586. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67361-2. 
  7. ^ Zare Mehrjardi, Mohammad; Darabi, Mohsen; Bagheri, Seyed Morteza; Kamali, Koosha; Bijan, Bijan. The role of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in penile fracture mapping for modified surgical repair. International Urology and Nephrology. June 2017, 49 (6): 937–945. ISSN 1573-2584. PMID 28258528. doi:10.1007/s11255-017-1550-x. 
  8. ^ Napier, Donna. The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of penile fracture. Sonography. 2018, 0: 15–23. ISSN 2054-6750. doi:10.1002/sono.12167 (英语). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Originally copied from:
    Fernandes, Maitê Aline Vieira; Souza, Luis Ronan Marquez Ferreira de; Cartafina, Luciano Pousa. Ultrasound evaluation of the penis. Radiologia Brasileira. 2018, 51 (4): 257–261. ISSN 1678-7099. PMC 6124582可免费查阅. doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0152. 
    CC-BY license
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Andrew B. Peitzman; Michael Rhodes; C. William Schwab; Donald M Yealy; Timothy C Fabian. The trauma manual: trauma and acute care surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1 September 2007: 305– [18 April 2010]. ISBN 978-0-7817-6275-5. 

Further reading

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