不给糖就捣蛋
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不给糖就捣蛋（Trick-or-treating），又叫“乞糖，要糖等”[1]，是流行英国、北美和澳大利亚的万圣夜传统游戏活动。一些穿上万圣节服装（通常为各种鬼怪造型）的儿童会挨家挨户地索要糖果、食物，有时甚至包括钱财，并喊出“不给糖就捣蛋”（Trick-or-treat）的口号[2]。
这一传统源自16世纪之前的英国，在1911年首次流传至北美，出现在加拿大安大略[3]，并逐渐开始在北美流行起来[4]。
历史
[编辑]和万圣夜本身一样，不给糖就捣蛋来自凯尔特人的信仰。凯尔特人认为在万圣夜这一天神灵或亡者的灵魂会出现，给予其食物是为了换取好运[5] ，并防止自己被其侵害。[6]
15世纪，万圣节庆典（10月31日至11月2日）上就有分享灵糕的习俗了[7][8][9]。后来，节日期间一些穷人开始在街坊的窗户下面唱著类似“Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!”的歌索要灵糕、乞求食物[10]。这一行为当时叫做“souling”[11]。
16世纪苏格兰出现了名叫“guising”的习俗，年轻人成为食物索要者，之后这一习俗传播到英国其他地区[12][13]。1911年加拿大安大略金斯顿的一家报纸首次报道“guising”出现于北美。[14]
“Trick or treat”一语的文字记录最早于1927年出现在加拿大[15]，1930年代才在美国和加拿大开始流行起来[16]，1940年代以前其他英语国家也很少使用这一短语。[17][18]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 為萬聖燈籠續命的南瓜. [2022-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-17）.
- ^ Martin, Emily. The history of trick-or-treating, and how it became a Halloween tradition. Culture. 2022-10-24 [2024-01-17]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-06）.
- ^ Definition of "guising". Collins English Dictionary. [2019-03-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-17）.
(in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people's houses, esp at Halloween
- ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Sonja Anderson, Rose Eveleth. The History of Trick-or-Treating Goes Back Centuries. Smithsonian Magazine. 2023-10-24 [2024-01-17]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-08）.
- ^ Peddle, S. V. (2007). Pagan Channel Islands: Europe's Hidden Heritage. p.54
- ^ British Folk Customs, Christina Hole (1976), p.91
- ^ Jackson, Jeanne L. Red Letter Days: The Christian Year in Story for Primary Assembly. Nelson Thornes. 1 January 1995: 158. ISBN 9780748719341.
Later, it became the custom for poorer Christians to offer prayers for the dead, in return for money or food (soul cakes) from their wealthier neighbours. People would go 'souling' - rather like carol singing - requesting alms or soul cakes: 'A soul, a soul, a soul cake, Please to give us a soul cake, One for Peter, two for Paul, have mercy on us Christians all.'
- ^ Hutton, pp.374–375
- ^ Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p.108. Quote: "Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice".
- ^ Mary Mapes Dodge (编). St. Nicholas Magazine. Scribner & Company. 1883: 93.
Soul-cakes," which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish at Halloween, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: "Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!"
- ^ Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- ^ McNeill, F. Marian. Hallowe'en: its origin, rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition. Albyn Press, 1970. pp.29–31
- ^ Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 2. 1855. pp.308-309
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over: Halloween in North America". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p.76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3
- ^ "'Trick or Treat' Is Demand," Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), November 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, Canada Nov. 3.
- ^ Moss, Doris Hudson. "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home, November 1939, p. 48. Moss was a California-based writer.
- ^ Morton, Lisa. Trick or Treat a history of halloween. Reaktion Books. 2012: 64. ISBN 9781780231877.
- ^ "One Lump Please" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 时代杂志, March 30, 1942. "Decontrolled" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 时代杂志, June 23, 1947.
外部连接
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