诺阿卡利动乱

诺阿卡利动乱
诺阿卡利动乱
孟加拉分治（英语：Partition of Bengal (1947)）的一部分
	甘地聆听一名屠杀幸存者的陈述
位置	英属印度孟加拉诺阿卡利
日期	1946年10月至11月
目标	孟加拉印度教徒（英语：Bengali Hindus）
类型	屠杀、强迫改宗（英语：forced conversion）、纵火、绑票与强奸
死亡	285; 关于其他信息超过5,000人
主谋	穆斯林国民兵（英语：Muslim National Guard）、退伍士兵、私人武装

诺阿卡利动乱（英语：Noakhali riots）是1946年10月至11月（印巴分治前一年）发生于英属印度孟加拉诺阿卡利的动乱。1937年前英属印度孟加拉管辖区的统治阶级多为印度教徒，之后穆斯林藉选举取得政治地位，双方累积了严重的政治、经济与社会矛盾^[5]。1946年8月加尔各答爆发大屠杀，之后流传假新闻指加尔各答的印度教徒袭击穆斯林作为报复^[6]，8月29日开斋节时诺阿卡利的印度教徒与穆斯林爆发冲突，有数名印度教徒因被怀疑藏有武器而遭袭击^[7]^[8]，穆斯林队伍还劫掠了印度教徒的住宅并毁损其寺庙^[8]。

加尔各答屠杀爆发以来诺阿卡利与吉大港的印度教徒与穆斯林对立情势逐渐升高^[9]，10月10日莎拉德·普尼玛节（英语：Sharad Purnima）当天动乱爆发，穆斯林暴民开始屠杀印度教徒^[10]^[11]，一周内估计即有超过5000人丧生^[2]^[3]，数百名印度教妇女遭强奸，并有数千人被强迫改宗（英语：Forced conversion）伊斯兰教^[12]，超过5万人逃至库米拉与阿加尔塔拉等地的救济营避难^[13]，留在村庄内的印度教徒则被穆斯林统治者控制，失去迁徙自由，甚至被迫缴纳吉兹亚^[14]。印度革命运动人士拉尔莫汉·森（英语：Lalmohan Sen）在阻止穆斯林暴民杀戮印度教徒时遇害^[15]^[16]。

11月甘地抵达诺阿卡利，在当地停留了4个月，走访了47座村庄，试图恢复当地秩序，缓解双方冲突^[17]^[18]，但未能促成双方和解^[19]。1947年3月印度国大党接受了印巴分治的方案，救济营逐渐荒废，大部分难民流落至西孟加拉邦、特里普拉邦^[20]与阿萨姆邦等地^[21]。

参考文献

^ ROY, Sukumar. Noakhalite Mahatma (নোয়াখালীতে মহাত্মা). 9 Shyama Charan Dey Street, Calcutta: Orient Book Company. 1947: 14语言=孟加拉语.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 India: Written in Blood. Time. 28 October 1946: 42 [2021-09-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）. Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan New. Yale University Press. 2017: 68 [First published 2007] [2021-09-24]. ISBN 978-0-300-23032-1. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）.
^ Das, Suhasini. Noakhali:1946. Dhaka: Sahitya Prakash. 2004: 13. ISBN 984-465-373-8.
^ সাম্প্রদায়িক সম্প্রিতি এবং ভারতে হিন্দু মুসলিম দন্দ্বের ইতিহাস। Page 242
^ সাম্প্রদায়িক সম্প্রিতি এবং ভারতে হিন্দু মুসলিম দন্দ্বের ইতিহাস। Page 306-351
^ Mukherjee, Kali Prasanna. দেশ বিভাজনের অন্তরালে [Behind The Partition Of The Country]. Kolkata: Vivekananda Sahitya Kendra. 2003: 35 （孟加拉语）.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Ghosh Choudhuri, Haran C. Proceedings of the Bengal Legislative Assembly (PBLA). Vol LXXVII. Bengal Legislative Assembly. 6 February 1947.
^ Tuker, Francis. While Memory Serves. London: Cassell. 1950: 170. OCLC 937426955. Reports received at Command H.Q. during the six weeks before the trouble started certainly indicated tension in the rural area, particularly Noakhali and Chittagong.
^ নোয়াখালীতে গান্ধী: সাম্প্রদায়িক হত্যাযজ্ঞের রক্তাক্ত অধ্যায়. BBC Bangla. 2 October 2019 [8 October 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）（孟加拉语）.
^ হিন্দু-মুসলিম দাঙ্গা থামাতেই নোয়াখালী আসেন মহাত্মা গান্ধী. Somoy News. 2 October 2019 [8 October 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-08）（孟加拉语）.
^ Fatal flaw in communal violence bill. Rediff.com. 2 July 2011 [2 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.
^ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok. 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. 2011: 278–280. ISBN 9788192246406.
^ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok. 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. 2011: 263. ISBN 9788192246406.
^ Sengupta, Subhodh Chandra; Basu, Anjali (编). লালমোহন সেন [Lalmohan Sen]. Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) 1 4th. Kolkata: Shishu Sahitya Samsad: 501. January 2002. ISBN 8185626650 （孟加拉语）.
^ Bandyopadhyay, Sandip. ইতিহাসের দিকে ফিরে: ছেচল্লিশের দাঙ্গা [The Calcutta Riots, 1946]. Kolkata: Radical. 2010: 66. ISBN 9788185459073 （孟加拉语）.
^ Gupta, Ashoka. Those days in Noakhali…. Seminar Publications. [20 December 2008]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-20）.
^ Ghosh, Biswaroop. Religion and Politics in Bengal: The Noakhali Carnage 1946-47. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 2011, 72: 936–946. JSTOR 44146785.
^ Majumder, Ramesh Chandra. বাংলা দেশের ইতিহাস [History of Bangla Desh]. Kolkata: General Printers and Publishers. 1975: 425 （孟加拉语）.
^ Dev, Chitta Ranjan. Two days with Mohandas Gandhi. Ishani (Mahatma Gandhi Ishani Foundation). 2005, 1 (4) [7 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-04）.
^ Dasgupta, Anindita. Denial and Resistance: Sylheti Partition 'refugees' in Assam. Contemporary South Asia (South Asia Forum for Human Rights). 2001, 10 (3): 352 [7 August 2011]. doi:10.1080/09584930120109559. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）.

[1] ROY, Sukumar. Noakhalite Mahatma (নোয়াখালীতে মহাত্মা). 9 Shyama Charan Dey Street, Calcutta: Orient Book Company. 1947: 14语言=孟加拉语.

[time-2] 2.0 ^2.1 India: Written in Blood. Time. 28 October 1946: 42 [2021-09-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）. Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed.

[khan68-69-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan New. Yale University Press. 2017: 68 [First published 2007] [2021-09-24]. ISBN 978-0-300-23032-1. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）.

[das13-4] Das, Suhasini. Noakhali:1946. Dhaka: Sahitya Prakash. 2004: 13. ISBN 984-465-373-8.

[5] সাম্প্রদায়িক সম্প্রিতি এবং ভারতে হিন্দু মুসলিম দন্দ্বের ইতিহাস। Page 242

[6] সাম্প্রদায়িক সম্প্রিতি এবং ভারতে হিন্দু মুসলিম দন্দ্বের ইতিহাস। Page 306-351

[kpm35-7] Mukherjee, Kali Prasanna. দেশ বিভাজনের অন্তরালে [Behind The Partition Of The Country]. Kolkata: Vivekananda Sahitya Kendra. 2003: 35 （孟加拉语）.

[Haran-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Ghosh Choudhuri, Haran C. Proceedings of the Bengal Legislative Assembly (PBLA). Vol LXXVII. Bengal Legislative Assembly. 6 February 1947.

[9] Tuker, Francis. While Memory Serves. London: Cassell. 1950: 170. OCLC 937426955. Reports received at Command H.Q. during the six weeks before the trouble started certainly indicated tension in the rural area, particularly Noakhali and Chittagong.

[a-10] নোয়াখালীতে গান্ধী: সাম্প্রদায়িক হত্যাযজ্ঞের রক্তাক্ত অধ্যায়. BBC Bangla. 2 October 2019 [8 October 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）（孟加拉语）.

[b-11] হিন্দু-মুসলিম দাঙ্গা থামাতেই নোয়াখালী আসেন মহাত্মা গান্ধী. Somoy News. 2 October 2019 [8 October 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-08）（孟加拉语）.

[12] Fatal flaw in communal violence bill. Rediff.com. 2 July 2011 [2 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.

[sd278-80-13] Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok. 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. 2011: 278–280. ISBN 9788192246406.

[sd263-14] Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok. 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. 2011: 263. ISBN 9788192246406.

[sbc-15] Sengupta, Subhodh Chandra; Basu, Anjali (编). লালমোহন সেন [Lalmohan Sen]. Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) 1 4th. Kolkata: Shishu Sahitya Samsad: 501. January 2002. ISBN 8185626650 （孟加拉语）.

[sb-16] Bandyopadhyay, Sandip. ইতিহাসের দিকে ফিরে: ছেচল্লিশের দাঙ্গা [The Calcutta Riots, 1946]. Kolkata: Radical. 2010: 66. ISBN 9788185459073 （孟加拉语）.

[Ashoka-17] Gupta, Ashoka. Those days in Noakhali…. Seminar Publications. [20 December 2008]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-20）.

[18] Ghosh, Biswaroop. Religion and Politics in Bengal: The Noakhali Carnage 1946-47. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 2011, 72: 936–946. JSTOR 44146785.

[rcm425-19] Majumder, Ramesh Chandra. বাংলা দেশের ইতিহাস [History of Bangla Desh]. Kolkata: General Printers and Publishers. 1975: 425 （孟加拉语）.

[20] Dev, Chitta Ranjan. Two days with Mohandas Gandhi. Ishani (Mahatma Gandhi Ishani Foundation). 2005, 1 (4) [7 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-04）.

[21] Dasgupta, Anindita. Denial and Resistance: Sylheti Partition 'refugees' in Assam. Contemporary South Asia (South Asia Forum for Human Rights). 2001, 10 (3): 352 [7 August 2011]. doi:10.1080/09584930120109559. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]