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• Monmouthshire (disambiguation)

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Monmouthshire 威尔斯语：Sir Fynwy
Flag adopted in 2011
面积
• 1831	324,310英亩（1,312.4平方千米）
• 1901	345,048英亩（1,396.36平方千米）
• 1961	339,088英亩（1,372.24平方千米）
• 2011	346,735英亩（1,403.19平方千米）
人口
• 1831	98,130
• 1901	230,806
• 1961	444,679
• 2011	503,917
密度
• 1831	0.3/acre
• 1901	0.7/acre
• 1961	1.3/acre
• 2011	1.45/acre
历史
• 起源	Laws in Wales Act 1535
• 创立	1535
• 继任	Gwent, Mid Glamorgan, South Glamorgan
地位	Historic county Ceremonial county (until 1974) Administrative county (1889–1974)
Chapman code	MON
政府	Monmouthshire County Council (1889–1974) Newport County Borough Council (1891–1974) Cardiff County Borough Council (part) (1938–1974)
• 行政中心	Monmouth and Newport
• 座右铭	Faithful to both (Utrique Fidelis)
Coat of arms of Monmouthshire County Council

历史上的蒙茅斯郡（英语：Monmouthshire /ˈmɒnməθʃər, -ʃɪər/；或作 County of Monmouth /ˈmɒnməθ/；威尔斯语：Sir Fynwy）为威尔斯十三个历史郡之一，亦为威尔斯一前行政郡。其疆域大约为现威尔斯主要地区当中的蒙茅斯郡、布莱耐格温特、新港及托法恩，亦包括卡菲利及卡迪夫位处拉姆尼河东岸的土地。

is one of thirteen historic counties of Wales and a former administrative county. It corresponds approximately to the present principal areas of Monmouthshire, Blaenau Gwent, Newport and Torfaen, and those parts of Caerphilly and Cardiff east of the Rhymney River.

蒙茅斯东部主要为耕地、西部峡谷则拥有大量矿产资源。因此蒙茅斯在十八世纪至二十世纪后期高度工业化，经济以煤炭开采及冶铁业为主。郡内主要城镇为新港、昆布兰、庞蒂浦、埃布韦尔及亚伯格芬尼。

十六至二十世纪间蒙茅斯郡的地位并不明确，部分法律条文将其归入英格兰境内。1972年的《地方政府法令》确认蒙茅斯郡归属威尔斯，但亦同时将蒙茅斯郡废除，大部分并入新设立的格温特郡。

The eastern part of the county is mainly agricultural, while the western valleys had rich mineral resources. This led to the area becoming highly industrialised with coal mining and iron working being major employers from the 18th century to the late 20th century. The five largest towns are Newport, Cwmbran, Pontypool, Ebbw Vale and Abergavenny.

Monmouthshire's Welsh status was ambiguous between the 16th and 20th centuries, with it considered by some to be part of England during this time; its legal inclusion in Wales was clarified by the Local Government Act 1972, the same act that changed the structure of local government within the county.

历史

设立

蒙茅斯郡是根据《1535年威尔斯法律法令》从原有的威尔斯边区设立。法令亦将蒙茅斯定为郡治，并要求郡督在蒙茅斯及新港轮流召开郡法庭。

The "county or shire of Monmouth" was formed from parts of the Welsh Marches by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. According to the Act the shire consisted of all Honours, Lordships, Castles, Manors, Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments, lying or being within the Compass or Precinct of the following Lordships, Townships, Parishes, Commotes and Cantrefs... in the Country of Wales:

Monmouth • Chepstow • Matherne (Mathern) • Llanvihangel (Llanfihangel Rogiet) • Magour (Magor) • Goldcliffe (Goldcliff) • Newport • Wentlooge • Llanwerne (Llanwern) • Caerlion (Caerleon) • Usk • Treleck (Trellech) • Tintern • Skenfrith • Grosmont • Witecastle (White Castle) • Raglan • Calicote (Caldicot) • Biston (Bishton) • Abergavenny • Penrose (Penrhos) • Grenefield (Maesglas) • Maghen (Machen) • Hochuyslade (possessions of Llanthony Priory)

The Act also designated Monmouth as the "Head and Shire town of the said county or shire of Monmouth", and ordered that the Sheriff's county or shire court be held alternately in Monmouth and Newport.

边界及行政区划

Map of the hundreds of Monmouthshire by Thomas Moule, c. 1831

蒙茅斯郡东面隔威河与告罗士打郡相望，西隔拉姆尼河与格拉摩根相望，南面为布里斯托湾。其北边与禧福郡及布雷克诺克郡的边界则无山脉河川作为凭借。蒙茅斯郡原有一堂区威尔斯比克诺为飞地，位处告罗士打郡及禧福郡之间，但在《1844年郡（飞地）法令》中被划入禧福郡。

蒙茅斯郡在1542年被划分成六个百区：阿伯加文尼、卡尔迪科特、拉格兰、阿斯克、文特洛及斯肯弗里斯。郡内有三个自治市镇：蒙茅斯、新港、阿斯克。

The county boundaries are the River Wye on the east, dividing it from Gloucestershire and the Rhymney River to the west dividing it from Glamorganshire, with the Bristol Channel to the south. The boundaries with Herefordshire to the northeast and Brecknockshire to the north were less well-defined. The parish of Welsh Bicknor, was an exclave of Monmouthshire, sandwiched between Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. The area was considered part of Monmouthshire until it was made part of Herefordshire "for all purposes" by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, while the Herefordshire hamlet of Fwthog (or Ffwddog) adjoining the Honddu Valley remained an exclave within Monmouthshire until 1891.

The county was divided into six hundreds in 1542: Abergavenny, Caldicot, Raglan, Skenfrith, Usk and Wentloog.

The county contained the three boroughs of Monmouth, Newport and Usk.

市镇改革

1835年蒙茅斯和新港由原本的旧自治市镇改制为拥有市议会选举权的市自治市镇。阿斯克直至1886年被撤前一直保留原有建制。1848年公共卫生法令及1858年地方政府法令在城镇地区确立地方管理委员会以统筹卫生等事务，乡郊地区则要到1875年公共卫生法令通过后才设立乡郊卫生区。

Monmouth and Newport were reformed as municipal boroughs with elected town councils by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Usk continued as an unreformed borough until its final abolition in 1886.

New forms of local government were established in the urban areas of the county with the setting of local boards under the Public Health Act 1848 and Local Government Act 1858. The Public Health Act 1875 divided the rural areas into rural sanitary districts.

1889年英国政府依照1888年通过的《地方政府法令》在蒙茅斯郡成立拥有郡议会的行政郡。该行政郡与历史郡的边界相似，但亦包括南布雷克诺克郡的博福特（Beaufort）及拉索（Rassau）等地区在内。与历史郡相反，行政郡议会位处新港，而非蒙茅斯。尽管1891年新港获得郡自治市镇的地位而脱离蒙茅斯郡，蒙茅斯郡议会并未因此搬至其他城镇。1894年的《地方政府法令》基于原有的卫生分区将行政郡分成城镇及乡郊地区：

市自治市镇	蒙茅斯
城镇地区	阿伯卡恩、阿伯加文尼、阿伯西肯、阿伯蒂莱里、贝德威蒂、布莱纳文、卡利恩、切普斯托、埃布韦尔、上兰弗赫法（Llanfrechfa Upper）、兰塔纳（Llantarnam）、南提格劳及布莱纳（Nantyglo and Blaina）、潘泰格（Panteg）、庞蒂浦、拉姆尼、里斯卡、特雷迪加、阿斯克
乡郊地区	阿伯加文尼、切普斯托、麦戈尔（Magor）、蒙茅斯、庞蒂浦、圣梅隆斯

The Shire Hall, Newport

An administrative county of Monmouthshire, governed by an elected county council, was formed in 1889 under the terms of the Local Government Act 1888. The administrative county had similar boundaries, but included the Beaufort, Dukestown, Llechryd and Rassau areas of south Breconshire. The county council was based in Newport, rather than the historic county town of Monmouth. In 1891 the borough of Newport achieved county borough status and therefore left the administrative county, although the administration of the county council continued to be based at Shire Hall, Newport. In the same year the parish of Fwthog was transferred to both the administrative and geographic county of Monmouthshire.

Under the Local Government Act 1894, the administrative county was divided into urban and rural districts, based on existing sanitary districts.

1946 OS map showing Monmouthshire/Glamorgan and England/Wales border running along the Rhymney River

阿伯加文尼于1899年改制为市自治市镇，而郡内亦在1903年加设Mynyddislwyn区及在1912年加设贝德瓦斯与马亨区（Bedwas and Machen）等两个城镇地区。1935年的蒙茅斯郡审查命令对郡内地区边界作出调整，上兰弗赫法区及兰塔纳区合并成新设之昆布兰城镇地区，阿伯西肯区及潘泰格区并入庞蒂浦城镇地区，而麦戈尔区及圣梅隆斯区则并为新设之麦戈尔及圣梅隆斯乡郊地区。

在1974年蒙茅斯郡被裁撤前的最后边界改动为1938年拉姆尼（Rumney）堂区并入卡迪夫郡自治市镇。

In 1899 Abergavenny was incorporated as a borough. Two further urban districts were formed: Mynyddislwyn in 1903, and Bedwas and Machen in 1912. The County of Monmouth Review Order 1935 revised the number and boundaries of the urban and rural districts in the administrative county. A new Cwmbran urban district was formed by the abolition of Llanfrechfa Upper and Llantarnam UDs, Abersychan and Panteg UDs were absorbed by Pontypool urban district, and Magor and St Mellons RD was formed by a merger of two rural districts.

The last major boundary change to affect the administrative county came in 1938 when the Monmouthshire parish of Rumney was incorporated into the city and county borough of Cardiff. However, the geographical Monmouthshire/Glamorgan and England/Wales border remained the Rhymney River.

地区政府改革及后续历史

1974年英国政府依照1972年通过的《地方政府法令》将蒙茅斯行政郡与新港郡自治市镇裁撤，改由格温特郡取代。新设郡之边界与原蒙茅斯郡边界相似，只是部分位处边界的堂区并入中格拉摩根郡的拉姆尼谷区（Rhymney Valley district）以及南格拉摩根郡的卡迪夫区。

《1994年（威尔斯）地方政府法令》再次对地区政府做出改革，于1996年将格温特郡裁撤，改以数个主要地区（principal areas）取代：

• 卡菲利郡自治市镇（部分疆域来自原中格拉摩根郡），包括新桥、布莱克伍德、新特雷迪加及拉姆尼
• 布莱耐格温特郡自治市镇，包括阿贝迪勒利、布林莫尔、艾碧谷及特雷迪加
• 托法恩郡自治市镇，包括布莱纳文、亚伯萨钦、庞蒂浦及昆布兰
• 新港市，包括卡利恩（即回到1974年的边界）
• 一个新设的蒙茅斯郡，但疆域只覆盖原历史郡东部人口较少的地区，包括阿伯加文尼、卡尔地括特、切普斯托、蒙茅斯及阿斯克。

The administrative county of Monmouth and county borough of Newport were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The successor authority, with minor boundary changes, was titled Gwent. Some border parishes became part of the new Rhymney Valley district of Mid Glamorgan or the Cardiff district of South Glamorgan.

Gwent was itself abolished in 1996 under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 and was replaced by:

• Caerphilly County Borough (part of which came from Mid Glamorgan), including the towns of Newbridge, Blackwood, New Tredegar and Rhymney
• Blaenau Gwent County Borough, including Abertillery, Brynmawr, Ebbw Vale and Tredegar
• Torfaen County Borough, including Blaenavon, Abersychan, Pontypool, and Cwmbran
• the City of Newport, including Caerleon (as it had since 1974)
• a new Monmouthshire authority, covering the less populated eastern 60% of the historic county, including the towns of Abergavenny, Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth and Usk.

The largest five towns are Newport, Cwmbran, Pontypool, Ebbw Vale and Abergavenny.

历史地位

背景

蒙茅斯郡在5至10世纪之间一直由威尔斯的格温特王国所统治。当地在10世纪中期并入摩根努格王国，及后亦为卢埃林·阿颇·格鲁菲德治下威尔斯王国的一部分。切普斯托及蒙茅斯一带在1086年的末日审判书中被视作为格洛斯特郡及赫特福德郡的一部分。这些地方，包括现蒙茅斯郡所辖之范围，一直由英格兰国王任命的边境领主所统治，但并不使用英格兰法律。尽管英格兰王国已在1284年的罗德兰法规中吞并威尔斯公国，但边境领主之统治并未因而受到影响。11世纪至16世纪间现蒙茅斯郡范围一直由六个边区所管辖——阿伯加文尼、卡利恩、切普斯托、文特洛、蒙茅斯及阿斯克。

Between about the 5th and 10th centuries the Welsh Kingdom of Gwent covered a variable area roughly contiguous with Monmouthshire. It then became part of Morgannwg, and was part of the unified Welsh realm of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. At the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086 the Chepstow and Monmouth areas were, for accounting purposes, reckoned as parts of the English counties of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire respectively. These areas, along with the rest of what would later become Monmouthshire, included land from Pembrokeshire to Monmouthshire which was largely in the hands of the Marcher Lords; this land, however, was not subject to English law. While the Principality of Wales (the northern part of Wales) was 'annexed' into the Kingdom of England by the Statute of Rhuddlan, enacted on 3 March 1284, the administration of the Marcher lands remained unchanged. From the 11th until the 16th centuries, the area which later became Monmouthshire (subject to some boundary revisions) comprised six Marcher lordships – Abergavenny, Caerleon, Chepstow (or Striguil), Gwynllwg (Wentloog), Monmouth and Usk. Up until the Acts of Union, the land which is today called Monmouthshire was undisputedly in Wales.

十六至十九世纪

1535年的《威尔斯法律法令》将英格兰的法律制度引进威尔斯境内，并同时废除边区制度，将其领地部分并入英格兰或威尔斯各郡，部分则成立新郡治理。蒙茅斯郡为其中之一。尽管1535年的法令列明蒙茅斯郡为威尔斯一部分，1542年的《威尔斯法律法令》在表列威尔斯各郡时只列出12个郡，略去蒙茅斯郡。蒙茅斯郡亦归由英格兰法庭管辖

The Laws in Wales Act 1535 integrated Wales directly into the English legal system and the "Lordships Marchers within the said Country or Dominion of Wales" were allocated to existing and new shires. Some lordships were annexed to existing counties in England and some were annexed to existing counties in Wales, with the remainder being divided up into new counties, one of which was Monmouthshire.

Although the original Act of 1535 specifically includes Monmouthshire as being in the "Country or Dominion of Wales", the Laws in Wales Act 1542 enumerates the Welsh counties as twelve in number, omitting Monmouthshire from the count. Monmouthshire was made directly responsible to the courts of Westminster rather than falling under the Court of Great Sessions in Wales. According to historian John Davies, this arrangement was the origin of the belief that the county had been annexed by England rather than remaining part of Wales. Davies disagrees, and says, "Monmouthshire was no less Welsh in language and sentiment than any other eastern county". Moreover the belief that Monmouthshire was somehow specially annexed to England is not consistent with the wording in the Act "That his said Country or Dominion of Wales shall be, stand and continue for ever from henceforth incorporated, united and annexed to and with this his Realm of England", making it clear that the whole of Wales was being "annexed" to England, not just Monmouthshire.

Despite Monmouthshire being a new county, it was given two Knights of the Shire in common with existing counties in England, rather than one as in the counties in Wales. The relevant section of the Act states that "one Knight shall be chosen and elected to the same Parliaments for every of the Shires of Brecknock, Radnor, Montgomery and Denbigh, and for every other Shire within the said Country of Dominion of Wales". However, it was given only one Borough member, like the other Welsh counties (apart from Pembrokeshire which had two Borough members and Merioneth which had none). In ecclesiastical terms, most of the county outside the town of Monmouth itself remained within the Diocese of Llandaff; the town of Monmouth was in the diocese of Hereford, while the parishes of Cwmyoy and Llanthony were in the diocese of St David's. In 1549 Edward VI granted a Charter to Monmouth which was described as being "in the Marches of Wales". Later writers who described Monmouthshire as being in Wales included Humphrey Llwyd (History of Cambria, 1568); Thomas Churchyard (Worthiness of Wales, 1587); and Michael Drayton (Poly-Olbion, 1613).

In the late 17th century, under Charles II, Monmouthshire was added to the Oxford circuit of the English Assizes following which, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, it gradually "came to be regarded as an English county". The Modern Universal British Traveller of 1779 stated: "Monmouthshire was formerly a part of Wales, and continued so till the reign of Charles II, when it was reckoned an English county (as it has been ever since) because the judges then began to keep the assizes here in the Oxford circuit." A later traveller, George Borrow in 1862, wrote: "Monmouthshire is at present considered an English county, though certainly with little reason, for it not only stands on the western side of the Wye, but the names of almost all its parishes are Welsh, and many thousands of its population still speak the Welsh language."

Although Wales was legally integrated into England, the word "England" was still taken to exclude Wales in many contexts. The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 ensured that "in all Cases where the Kingdom of England, or that Part of Great Britain called England, hath been or shall be mentioned in any Act of Parliament, the same has been and shall from henceforth be deemed and taken to comprehend and include the Dominion of Wales and Town of Berwick upon Tweed".

The eastern part of the county is mainly agricultural, while the western valleys had rich mineral resources. This led to the area becoming highly industrialised with coal mining and iron working being major employers from the 18th century to the late 20th century.

"Wales and Monmouthshire"

Joan Blaeu's map of Wales in 1645, which includes Monmouthshire

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica unambiguously described the county as part of England, but notes that "whenever an act [...] is intended to apply to [Wales] alone, then Wales is always coupled with Monmouthshire". However, most Acts of Parliament listed Monmouthshire as part of England; for example, the Local Government Act 1933 listed both the administrative county of Monmouth and county borough of Newport as part of England. In the rare event that an Act of Parliament was restricted to Wales, Monmouthshire was usually included, in the format "Wales and Monmouthshire"; for example, although the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 did not apply to Monmouthshire, the creation of the Welsh Office in 1965 and the Welsh Language Act 1967 did (although the latter had the paradoxical effect of reinforcing the legal connection of Monmouthshire with England: see next section). The Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 also applied to Monmouthshire. The Sunday Closing Act was also extended to Monmouthshire in 1915 under wartime legislation. In considering the Sunday Closing Act in 1921, Monmouthshire County Council resolved, with only one vote against, to request that the county should be included in Wales for all legislative purposes. Another typical example was the division of England and Wales into registration areas in the 19th century — one of which, the "Welsh Division", was defined as including "Monmouthshire, South Wales and North Wales".

According to Chris Williams of Cardiff University:

"...The problem with Monmouthshire is that it was located not on, strictly speaking, a national frontier, but within a single political formation. This had been the case since the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543 which had extended the English system of justice, government and parliamentary representation to the principality of Wales and the March. From the mid-sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century it had not been a matter of very much importance as to whether an England/Wales border could be identified and, if so, where it ran in respect of Monmouthshire. That situation changed in the nineteenth century, as the particular cultural, linguistic and political characteristics of Welsh society emerged as both a problem (for the British state) and as a cause (particularly among Welsh Liberals and nonconformists). Once specific policies (be they considered corrective or emancipating) began to be designed for application to Wales, then the question of Monmouthshire's placement became important."

It has been suggested that the question of the status of Monmouthshire arose in earnest in the 19th century, when some of the local gentry such as the Dukes of Beaufort established family seats in England, and many industrialists and others moved into Monmouthshire, particularly in the eastern part of the county. Some of these, and others with "social aspirations", considered it essential to emphasise their "Englishness", and there were attempts to refine the notion that anomalies in the 16th-century legislation had made the county non-Welsh. The distinction implied in the description "Wales and Monmouthshire" was nurtured by elements of the establishment, and became increasingly accepted on the English side of the border and in central government, until the local Welsh residents more fully asserted themselves in the 20th century.

Twentieth-century debate

The West of England Tavern in Newport

Following the Welsh Church Act 1914, the Church in Wales was set up in 1920, containing within it the Diocese of Llandaff which included almost all of Monmouthshire. The new Diocese of Monmouth was formed in 1921. In Anglican terms, the area thus came to be treated as part of Wales.

The question of Monmouthshire's status continued to be a matter of discussion, especially as Welsh nationalism and devolution climbed the political agenda in the 20th century. This sometimes led to heated debates in Parliament. In 1921 the Earl of Plymouth objected strongly to the inclusion of the county in legislation forcing the closing of public houses in Wales on Sundays. "I stand as strongly as I can for the privileges of Monmouthshire, to say it is a county of England." He went on to complain that Welsh representatives were imposing the ban "against the will of the people of Monmouthshire". The extension of the legislation to Monmouthshire was confirmed by Parliament despite a petition of over 77,000 names against Sunday closing.

In 1937, the Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire, Sir Henry Mather Jackson, stated: "Monmouthshire is not in Wales... We are in England, and I am not going to be added to Wales for any purpose whatsoever". During a debate on the Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill in 1938, Lord Raglan objected to the stipulation that the chairman of the Monmouthshire quarter sessions should be a Welsh-speaker. Raglan stated that "The County of Monmouth is an English county. I do not think that will be disputed.." and he claimed that Welsh Nationalists had attempted to convince the Lord Chief Justice to move Monmouthshire from the Oxford Circuit to the South Wales Circuit, thereby making it part of Wales in matters of court administration. He alleged that these "persons unconnected with Monmouthshire" had claimed incorrectly that the inhabitants of the county "spoke nothing but Welsh".

In 1948, Monmouthshire County Council was granted a coat of arms with the motto Utrique fidelis ("Faithful to both"), to reflect the dual loyalties of the area. Increasingly in legislation, "the state was prepared to treat Monmouthshire as if it were part of Wales, even if it was not able to concede that legally it was Welsh." In 1949, Monmouthshire was included within the remit of the Council for Wales and Monmouthshire, an appointed body established by the Government to advise on Welsh affairs and a precursor of the Welsh Office. Treating Monmouthshire as part of Wales in legislation occasionally created further anomalies. For example, the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 contained the provision that "For the purposes of this Act the administrative county of Monmouth shall be taken to be part of Wales and not part of England." This left the county borough of Newport as part of England but treated the rest of the county as part of Wales.

The Member of Parliament (MP) for Abertillery, Llywelyn Williams, campaigned to have Monmouthshire unambiguously placed in Wales. Speaking in the House of Commons in February 1957 he said "I think that it is about time we dropped this Wales and Monmouthshire business. Apart from a few cranks who search the files of the distant past for some very flimsy tokens of evidence to suggest that Monmouthshire belongs to England, no person acquainted with the county — its history, customs, place names, culture and way of life — would dream of regarding Monmouthshire people as anything but Welsh." Later in the year he asked Henry Brooke, Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs, "whether he will now remove from official documents and records relating to Wales the additional words 'and Monmouthshire', since Monmouthshire is included in the term Wales.". Brooke replied in the negative, as he did not think "such a course would be consistent with various statutory provisions relating to Monmouthshire."

The Local Government Commission for Wales established in 1958 included Monmouthshire within its review area, and in 1961 proposed merging the area into a new "South East Wales" county. The proposed inclusion of Monmouthshire in Wales infuriated Lord Raglan, by now Lord Lieutenant of the county. In reaction, a "Make Monmouthshire Welsh" campaign was launched in August 1961 to gain parliamentary recognition that the county was in Wales. In November 1961 it was announced that a branch of the Royal Society of St George was to be formed, emphasising the county's English identity. Another group, the "Monmouthshire is Welsh" society, was formed and was supported by local MPs Michael Foot and Leo Abse. Two years later Monmouth Borough Council made representations to the Minister of Housing and Local Government seeking the transfer of the town to Herefordshire in the event that the reforms were carried out. Signs erected by Monmouthshire County Council welcoming motorists to Wales were defaced or removed. The County Council placed a revised sign at Monmouth stating "Welcome to Wales and Monmouthshire"; first, the words "..and Monmouthshire" were painted over, and then the words "..to Wales" were also obliterated.

The Welsh Office, established in 1965, included Monmouthshire within its remit. The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed in regard to Wales in 1967 by the Welsh Language Act 1967, which however also continued to use the phrase "Wales and Monmouthshire". The Interpretation Act 1978 hence provides that in legislation passed between 1967 and 1974, "a reference to England includes Berwick upon Tweed and Monmouthshire".

Clarification of position in Wales

In 1969 George Thomas, Secretary of State for Wales proposed to fully incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales. Lord Raglan (son of the former lord lieutenant), asked the following question in the House of Lords: "To ask Her Majesty's Government why they propose to incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales without consulting Monmouthshire's inhabitants." Replying for the government, Baroness Phillips stated that "The purpose of the change is to remove the anomaly arising from the present need to refer to Monmouthshire separately from Wales in Statutes. My right honourable friend the Secretary of State believes that the proposal commands wide support in the county." In April of the following year Plaid Cymru MP Gwynfor Evans asked Thomas "when he proposes to implement his undertaking that the phrase 'Wales and Monmouthshire' " will be dropped." The Secretary of State indicated that it would be after the passing of legislation to reform local government in Wales.

The issue was finally clarified in law by the Local Government Act 1972, which provided that "in every act passed on or after 1 April 1974, and in every instrument made on or after that date under any enactment (whether before, on or after that date) "Wales", subject to any alterations of boundaries..." included "the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the county borough of Newport".

Debate on the relevant amendment, Clause 256, took place late on 20 July 1972, with few local MPs present. The Minister of State, David Gibson-Watt, agreed to a question from George Thomas that "...in future the argument about Monmouthshire being part of Wales is over, and that [his] statement makes it clear that Monmouthshire is part of Wales for good and for ever?" Raymond Gower said that the statement was "quite consistent with the fact that towns with names such as Abergavenny and Llantarnam could not be anything other than Welsh"; it was opposed by Gerald Kaufman, who stated: "Am I to take it that an act of annexation of this magnitude is to be carried through a sparsely attended House of Commons on the nod at five minutes to midnight on the same basis as Europe has annexed England? I wish to voice my protest."

Events since 1974

The English Democrats nominated candidates for the 2007 Welsh Assembly elections in the South East Wales region, and three of six constituencies in the area of the historic county, with a view to promoting a referendum on "letting Monmouthshire decide" whether it wished to be part of Wales or England. The party received 0.9% of the vote on the regional list, and between 2.2% and 2.7% of the vote in the constituencies, and failed to have any members elected. In the 2011 Welsh Assembly elections the English Democrats contested the seat of Monmouth and achieved 2.5% of the vote. In the 2015 general election they won 0.2% of the vote in the constituency of Monmouth, while Plaid Cymru achieved 3.9% of the vote.

Geography

Much of Monmouthshire is hilly, particularly the western area adjoining the industrial South Wales Valleys and the Black Mountains to the north. Two major river valleys dominate the lowlands – the scenic gorge of the Wye Valley along the border with Gloucestershire adjoining the Forest of Dean, and the valley of the River Usk between Abergavenny and Newport. Both rivers flow south to the Severn Estuary. The River Monnow is a tributary of the River Wye and forms part of the border with Herefordshire and England, passing through the town of Monmouth. The Black Mountains are part of the Brecon Beacons National Park, whilst the Wye Valley is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) which straddles the England-Wales border.

The highest point (county top) of the county is Chwarel y Fan in the Black Mountains with a height of 679米（2,228英尺）. The Sugar Loaf (Welsh: Mynydd Pen-y-fâl or Y Fâl), located 3千米（1.9英里） northwest of Abergavenny, is probably the best known hill in the county. Although its height is only 596米（1,955英尺）, its isolation and distinctive peak shape makes it a prominent landmark for many miles around.

Legacy

Flag of Monmouthshire

The name "Monmouthshire" was revived for one of the principal areas created on further local government reorganisation in 1996. The principal area covers only part of the historic county, which also includes the principal areas of Newport, Torfaen, most of Blaenau Gwent, and parts of Caerphilly and Cardiff.

The preserved county of Gwent, which still exists for some ceremonial purposes, is similar in extent to historic Monmouthshire with the addition of the west bank of the Rhymney Valley.

The Monmouthshire Association, a local society which promotes the county's identity, led a successful campaign to register a Flag of Monmouthshire with the Flag Institute in September 2011.

See also

• List of Lord Lieutenants of Monmouthshire
• List of Sheriffs of Monmouthshire
• Custos Rotulorum of Monmouthshire – List of Keepers of the Rolls
• Monmouthshire (UK Parliament constituency) – Historical list of MPs for the constituency of Monmouthshire
• Geology of Monmouthshire – describes the geological history of the historic county

References

Sources

• Laws in Wales Act 1535 (27 Hen VIII c. 26)
• Laws in Wales Act 1542 (34 & 35 Hen VIII c. 26)
• A Vision of Britain – Monmouthshire

Further reading

• Bradney, Joseph, History of Monmouthshire, 4 vols, 1904–1933; Pt 5, Aberystwyth 1993

External links

• Monmouthshire Association
• Is Monmouth in Wales?
• Monmouthshire – Gateway to Wales
• Monmouthshire Antiquarian Association
• Monmouthshire genealogical information
• Monmouthshire Masons
• Monmouthshire Referees' Association
• BBC Wales feature on the historic county of Monmouthshire
• BBC feature on the Act of Union
• OpenStreetMap上有关JKessvinJ/沙盒/Secretary of State for Scotland的地理信息
• Map of Monmouthshire on Wikishire