集體得救

集體得救，或集體救贖是一種宗教信仰的概念，該信仰理論應為，群體的成員會集體影響其所屬群體的救贖，特別是來世的救贖。集體救續也認為，一個群體的本質上就如一個人一樣。 ^[1]集體救贖的概念有時出現在基督教、 ^[2]伊斯蘭教、 ^[3]和猶太教中。 ^[4]

在猶太教中，傳統猶太神學預言猶太彌賽亞會為猶太人帶來集體救贖。 ^[4]《但以理書》指出，神對猶太人的集體寬恕，但也規定了對不義之人的個人審判。 ^[5]

在早期基督教的背景下，西普里安在公元3世紀，即313年米蘭法令之前推廣了這一思想，當時大多數基督徒都受到迫害並生活在社會之外。希波的奧古斯丁（354-430）也在他的 5 世紀初的著作《上帝之城》中討論了這個話題，並指出有些人教導說整個天主教會都會得救。 ^[6]當時教會認為，《哥林多前書》12:12-14將基督徒描述為「一體」，意味着集體救贖。不過，奧古斯丁拒絕了這個概念，認為那些過着不道德生活的人永遠無法得救，即使他們參加了聖事。 ^[2]

參考

^ Max Scheler; Manfred S. Frings, Formalism in ethics and non-formal ethics of values: a new attempt toward the foundation of an ethical personalism, Northwestern University Press: 554, 1973, ISBN 978-0-8101-0620-8
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Everett Ferguson, Doctrines of human nature, sin, and salvation in the early church, Taylor & Francis: 247, 1993, ISBN 978-0-8153-1070-9
^ Andrew Rippin, The Blackwell companion to the Qurʼān, Wiley-Blackwell: 29, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4051-1752-4
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Todd M. Endelman, Comparing Jewish societies, University of Michigan Press: 64, 1997, ISBN 978-0-472-06592-9 Todd M. Endelman (1997), Comparing Jewish societies, University of Michigan Press, p. 64, ISBN 978-0-472-06592-9
^ Gabriele Boccaccini, Roots of Rabbinic Judaism: an intellectual history, from Ezekiel to Daniel, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing: 194, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8028-4361-6
^ Compare: Salisbury, Joyce E. Ferguson, Everett , 編. Doctrines of Human Nature, Sin, and Salvation in the Early Church. Studies in early Christianity : a collection of scholarly essays / ed. by Everett Ferguson 10. Taylor & Francis. 1993: 2531993 [24 January 2019]. ISBN 9780815310709. The Donatists were continuing the Cyprianic tradition of collective salvation rather than moving toward the Augustinian one of individual salvation.

參見

[schel-1] Max Scheler; Manfred S. Frings, Formalism in ethics and non-formal ethics of values: a new attempt toward the foundation of an ethical personalism, Northwestern University Press: 554, 1973, ISBN 978-0-8101-0620-8

[ferg-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Everett Ferguson, Doctrines of human nature, sin, and salvation in the early church, Taylor & Francis: 247, 1993, ISBN 978-0-8153-1070-9

[ripp-3] Andrew Rippin, The Blackwell companion to the Qurʼān, Wiley-Blackwell: 29, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4051-1752-4

[ende-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Todd M. Endelman, Comparing Jewish societies, University of Michigan Press: 64, 1997, ISBN 978-0-472-06592-9 Todd M. Endelman (1997), Comparing Jewish societies, University of Michigan Press, p. 64, ISBN 978-0-472-06592-9

[bocc-5] Gabriele Boccaccini, Roots of Rabbinic Judaism: an intellectual history, from Ezekiel to Daniel, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing: 194, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8028-4361-6

[6] Compare: Salisbury, Joyce E. Ferguson, Everett , 編. Doctrines of Human Nature, Sin, and Salvation in the Early Church. Studies in early Christianity : a collection of scholarly essays / ed. by Everett Ferguson 10. Taylor & Francis. 1993: 2531993 [24 January 2019]. ISBN 9780815310709. The Donatists were continuing the Cyprianic tradition of collective salvation rather than moving toward the Augustinian one of individual salvation.

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