尼布甲尼撒二世
尼布甲尼撒二世 | |
---|---|
新巴比倫國王 | |
統治 | 前605年-前562年在位 |
前任 | 那波帕拉薩爾 |
繼任 | 以未米羅達 |
逝世 | 前562年 |
尼布甲尼撒二世(阿卡德語:
他的名字意思是「保護繼承者尼布」。
生平
[編輯]早年
[編輯]尼布甲尼撒的父親是新巴比倫帝國的開國君主-那波帕拉薩爾,妻子是米底王國的公主阿米蒂斯,兩個王國聯姻後勢力大增。爾後那波帕拉薩爾使巴比倫脫離亞述的屬國地位,並打垮亞述人、將新亞述帝國的都城尼尼微夷為平地。尼布甲尼撒是家中長子和繼承人,前607年隨父親出征亞述北部山區,後來單獨指揮作戰。古埃及曾經擊敗亞述人、佔領了原亞述帝國西部卡爾基米什一帶,導致前亞述帝國領土被伽勒底和米底分割。公元前606年,他帶兵任總司令,在卡爾基米什痛殲埃及軍隊,收復了前亞述領地。公元前605年8月,那波帕拉薩爾去世,尼布甲尼撒趕回巴比倫繼承王位。
對外征戰
[編輯]公元前604年他發兵征服敘利亞和巴勒斯坦部分地區,爾後僱用希臘傭兵作戰,但於公元前601年被埃及軍隊打敗,損失慘重,他竭力補充損失的戰車和兵員,捲土重來。公元前597年,他率兵攻佔耶路撒冷,並將猶大王國國王約雅斤擄回巴比倫,《聖經》中還記載了公元前586年他再次進攻耶路撒冷、圍攻推羅城,毀滅兩座城市並拆毀神殿。
大英博物館保存描述他的楔形文字泥版文書,寫到:「巴比倫國王,尼布甲尼撒,在第37年,帶領軍隊進攻埃及,埃及國王雅赫摩斯集合軍隊前往應戰」。
逝世
[編輯]他於公元前562年去世,由他兒子以未米羅達繼位。公元前539年,他去世後尚不到25年,巴比倫就被波斯帝國的居魯士大帝征服。
成就
[編輯]尼布甲尼撒同時也是一位卓越的外交家,曾派遣使節和小亞細亞的希臘人國家呂底亞及米底周旋,解除西方的威脅。他將巴比倫建成一個著名的城市,完善輸水設施和水庫。
聖經中的描寫
[編輯]尼布甲尼撒多次在《聖經》中出現。《列王紀》中描述了尼布甲尼撒兩次包圍耶路撒冷,《耶利米書》則描述了第二次圍城和洗劫摧毀所羅門聖殿。
尼布甲尼撒二世也是《但以理書》中的重要人物,4章1-37節中描述他的夢境、對神的讚頌,此夢見於但以理所謄錄的巴比倫國史文獻內。首先尼布甲尼撒承認至高上帝的大能及他的王國,然後敘述他可怕的夢,並解釋這夢如何應驗在他身上。他夢見一棵大樹,高得頂天,所産的果子可供衆生食用,其蔭可遮庇萬民。一位守望者大聲喊叫説:『要伐倒這樹。把樹的殘株用鐵圈和銅圈箍住。經過七期,好叫世人知道至高者在人的國中掌權,要將國賜給極卑微的人統治。』(但以理書4:14-17)但以理把夢講解出來,指明樹代表尼布甲尼撒。這個含有預言性的夢不久便實現了,有一天國王因自己的威榮而自命不凡,隨即變成有如瘋子一般,在田間吃草為生,與獸無異,一共過了七年。此後他的神智回復正常,他於是稱頌耶和華的至尊地位。
持批判意見的學者共同認為,但以理書是歷史虛構小說,[3][4][5]尼布甲尼撒不太可能真的承認耶和華。[6];他陷入瘋狂的時期也屬虛構,歷史學家將此歸因於那波尼德在泰馬時的謠言,後來通過異文合併的過程用於尼布甲尼撒身上。 [7]
參考文獻
[編輯]引用
[編輯]- ^ Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
- ^ Wiseman 1991a,第233–234頁.
- ^ Collins 1999,第219頁.
- ^ Redditt 2008,第180頁.
- ^ Collins 1984,第41頁: "Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not History."
- ^ Smith-Christopher, D.L. The Book of Daniel. Keck, Leander E. (編). The New Interpreter's Bible : general articles & introduction, commentary, & reflections for each book of the Bible, including the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books 7. 1996: 19–152. ISBN 9780687278206. OCLC 30663880. apud Collins, J.J.; Flint, Peter W. The Book of Daniel, Volume 1 Composition and Reception. BRILL. 15 December 2000: 11 [2020-04-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-27608-6. (原始內容存檔於2020-01-13).
- ^ Henze, M. H. The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar: The Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4. BRILL. 1999: 63 [2020-04-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-11421-0. (原始內容存檔於2020-01-13).
書目
[編輯]- Chapter 23, "The Chaldaean Kings" in Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq (3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books, 1992. ISBN 0-14-012523-X
- ABC 5 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館): Chronicle Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar
- Nabuchodonosor (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) on the Catholic Encyclopedia
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館): Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "Nabuchodonosor (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)". Catholic Encyclopedia (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Robert Appleton Company.
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外部連結
[編輯]- Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) – old translation
- Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Nebuchadnezzar II on Ancient History Encyclopedia
前任: 那波帕拉薩爾 |
美索不達米亞王朝表 | 繼任: 以未米羅達 |