尼布甲尼撒二世
尼布甲尼撒二世 | |
---|---|
新巴比伦国王 | |
统治 | 前605年-前562年在位 |
前任 | 那波帕拉萨尔 |
继任 | 以未米罗达 |
逝世 | 前562年 |
尼布甲尼撒二世(阿卡德语:
他的名字意思是“保护继承者尼布”。
生平
[编辑]早年
[编辑]尼布甲尼撒的父亲是新巴比伦帝国的开国君主-那波帕拉萨尔,妻子是米底王国的公主阿米蒂斯,两个王国联姻后势力大增。尔后那波帕拉萨尔使巴比伦脱离亚述的属国地位,并打垮亚述人、将新亚述帝国的都城尼尼微夷为平地。尼布甲尼撒是家中长子和继承人,前607年随父亲出征亚述北部山区,后来单独指挥作战。古埃及曾经击败亚述人、占领了原亚述帝国西部卡尔基米什一带,导致前亚述帝国领土被伽勒底和米底分割。公元前606年,他带兵任总司令,在卡尔基米什痛歼埃及军队,收复了前亚述领地。公元前605年8月,那波帕拉萨尔去世,尼布甲尼撒赶回巴比伦继承王位。
对外征战
[编辑]公元前604年他发兵征服叙利亚和巴勒斯坦部分地区,尔后雇用希腊佣兵作战,但于公元前601年被埃及军队打败,损失惨重,他竭力补充损失的战车和兵员,卷土重来。公元前597年,他率兵攻占耶路撒冷,并将犹大王国国王约雅斤掳回巴比伦,《圣经》中还记载了公元前586年他再次进攻耶路撒冷、围攻推罗城,毁灭两座城市并拆毁神殿。
大英博物馆保存描述他的楔形文字泥版文书,写到:“巴比伦国王,尼布甲尼撒,在第37年,带领军队进攻埃及,埃及国王雅赫摩斯集合军队前往应战”。
逝世
[编辑]他于公元前562年去世,由他儿子以未米罗达继位。公元前539年,他去世后尚不到25年,巴比伦就被波斯帝国的居鲁士大帝征服。
成就
[编辑]尼布甲尼撒同时也是一位卓越的外交家,曾派遣使节和小亚细亚的希腊人国家吕底亚及米底周旋,解除西方的威胁。他将巴比伦建成一个著名的城市,完善输水设施和水库。
圣经中的描写
[编辑]尼布甲尼撒多次在《圣经》中出现。《列王纪》中描述了尼布甲尼撒两次包围耶路撒冷,《耶利米书》则描述了第二次围城和洗劫摧毁所罗门圣殿。
尼布甲尼撒二世也是《但以理书》中的重要人物,4章1-37节中描述他的梦境、对神的赞颂,此梦见于但以理所誊录的巴比伦国史文献内。首先尼布甲尼撒承认至高上帝的大能及他的王国,然后叙述他可怕的梦,并解释这梦如何应验在他身上。他梦见一棵大树,高得顶天,所产的果子可供众生食用,其荫可遮庇万民。一位守望者大声喊叫说:‘要伐倒这树。把树的残株用铁圈和铜圈箍住。经过七期,好叫世人知道至高者在人的国中掌权,要将国赐给极卑微的人统治。’(但以理书4:14-17)但以理把梦讲解出来,指明树代表尼布甲尼撒。这个含有预言性的梦不久便实现了,有一天国王因自己的威荣而自命不凡,随即变成有如疯子一般,在田间吃草为生,与兽无异,一共过了七年。此后他的神智回复正常,他于是称颂耶和华的至尊地位。
持批判意见的学者共同认为,但以理书是历史虚构小说,[3][4][5]尼布甲尼撒不太可能真的承认耶和华。[6];他陷入疯狂的时期也属虚构,历史学家将此归因于那波尼德在泰马时的谣言,后来通过异文合并的过程用于尼布甲尼撒身上。 [7]
参考文献
[编辑]引用
[编辑]- ^ Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
- ^ Wiseman 1991a,第233–234页.
- ^ Collins 1999,第219页.
- ^ Redditt 2008,第180页.
- ^ Collins 1984,第41页: "Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not History."
- ^ Smith-Christopher, D.L. The Book of Daniel. Keck, Leander E. (编). The New Interpreter's Bible : general articles & introduction, commentary, & reflections for each book of the Bible, including the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books 7. 1996: 19–152. ISBN 9780687278206. OCLC 30663880. apud Collins, J.J.; Flint, Peter W. The Book of Daniel, Volume 1 Composition and Reception. BRILL. 15 December 2000: 11 [2020-04-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-27608-6. (原始内容存档于2020-01-13).
- ^ Henze, M. H. The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar: The Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4. BRILL. 1999: 63 [2020-04-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-11421-0. (原始内容存档于2020-01-13).
书目
[编辑]- Chapter 23, "The Chaldaean Kings" in Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq (3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books, 1992. ISBN 0-14-012523-X
- ABC 5 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): Chronicle Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar
- Nabuchodonosor (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) on the Catholic Encyclopedia
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "Nabuchodonosor (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". Catholic Encyclopedia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Robert Appleton Company.
- 本条目出自已经处于公有领域的:Easton, Matthew George. article name needed. 伊斯顿圣经词典 New and revised. T. Nelson and Sons. 1897.
- Nos ancêtres de l'Antiquité, Étude des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l'Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen Âge européen, 1991, Christian Settipani, p.
- Stefan Zawadski, "Nebuchadnezzar's Campaign in the 30th Year (575 B.C.): A Conflict with Tyre?" in Mordechai Cogan and Dan`el Kahn (eds), Treasures on Camels' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph'al (Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008).
- T. E. Gaston, Historical Issues in the Book of Daniel, Oxford: Taanathshiloh, 2009.
- Arnold, Bill T. Who Were the Babylonians?. Brill. 2005. ISBN 9004130713.
- Bertman, Stephen. Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-518364-1.
- Cline, Eric H.; Graham, Mark W. Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-521-88911-7.
- Dalley, Stephanie. The Legacy of Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-814946-0.
- Foster, Benjamin Read; Foster, Karen Polinger. Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. Princeton University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-691-13722-3.
- Freedman, David Noel. Nebuchadnezzar. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (编). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000. ISBN 9789053565032.
- Lee, Wayne E. Warfare and Culture in World History. NYU Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8147-5278-4.
- Oates, J. The Fall of Assyria (635–609 BC). Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (编). The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III Part II. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-22717-9.
- Sweeney, Marvin A. Isaiah 1–39: With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature. Eerdmans. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8028-4100-1.
- Wiseman, D.J. Babylonia 605–539 BC. Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (编). The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III Part II. Cambridge University Press. 1991a. ISBN 978-0-521-22717-9.
- Wiseman, D.J. Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon: The Schweich Lectures of The British Academy 1983. OUP/British Academy. 1991b. ISBN 978-0-19-726100-2.
- Bandstra, Barry L. Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth Publishing Company. 2008. ISBN 978-0-495-39105-0.
- Bar, Shaul. A letter that has not been read: dreams in the Hebrew Bible. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-87820-424-3.
- Boyer, Paul S. When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Harvard University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-674-95129-8.
- Brettler, Mark Zvi. How To Read the Bible. Jewish Publication Society. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8276-1001-9.
- Carroll, John T. Eschatology. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (编). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9789053565032. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25).
- Cohn, Shaye J.D. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Westminster John Knox Press. 2006 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-664-22743-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-19).
- Collins, John J. Daniel. Van Der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (编). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Eerdmans. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2.
- Collins, John J. Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. 1984 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-0020-6. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21).
- Collins, John J. Daniel. Fortress. 1993 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8006-6040-6. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- Collins, John J. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. 1998 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-4371-5. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25).
- Collins, John J. Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism. Brill. 2001 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-391-04110-3. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25).
- Collins, John J. Current Issues in the Study of Daniel. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (编). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9004116753. (原始内容存档于2020-03-01).
- Collins, John J. From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End. McGinn, Bernard; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J. (编). The Continuum History of Apocalypticism. Continuum. 2003 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8264-1520-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-22).
- Collins, John J. Daniel. Lieb, Michael; Mason, Emma; Roberts, Jonathan (编). The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible. Oxford UNiversity Press. 2013 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-164918-9. (原始内容存档于2019-12-22).
- Crawford, Sidnie White. Apocalyptic. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (编). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9789053565032. (原始内容存档于2019-12-24).
- Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 2005 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25).
- Davies, Philip. Apocalyptic. Rogerson, J. W.; Lieu, Judith M. (编). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford Handbooks Online. 2006 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-925425-5. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25).
- DeChant, Dell. Apocalyptic Communities. Neusner, Jacob (编). World Religions in America: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. 2009 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-1-61164-047-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-01).
- Doukhan, Jacques. Secrets of Daniel: Wisdom and Dreams of a Jewish Prince in Exile. Review and Herald Pub Assoc. 2000. ISBN 978-0-8280-1424-3.
- Dunn, James D.G. The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (编). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 0-391-04128-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-27).
- Godden, Malcolm. Biblical Literature" The Old Testament. Godden and, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (编). The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. Cambridge University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-46921-1.
- Grabbe, Lester L. Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh. Routledge. 2002a [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-203-46101-3. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- Grabbe, Lester L. A Dan(iel) For All Seasons. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (编). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002b [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9004116753. (原始内容存档于2020-03-01).
- Grabbe, Lester L. An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus. Continuum. 2010. ISBN 978-0-567-55248-8.
- Hammer, Raymond. The Book of Daniel. Cambridge University Press. 1976 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-521-09765-9. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- Harrington, Daniel J. Invitation to the Apocrypha. Eerdmans. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8028-4633-4.
- Hill, Andrew E. Daniel. Garland, David E.; Longman, Tremper (编). Daniel—Malachi. Zondervan. 2009 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-310-59054-5. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- Hill, Charles E. Antichrist. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (编). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9789053565032. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21).
- Horsley, Richard A. Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. 2007 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-664-22991-7. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- Knibb, Michael. The Book of Daniel in its Context. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (编). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9004116753. (原始内容存档于2020-03-01).
- Levine, Amy-Jill. Daniel. Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A. (编). The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press. 2010 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-937050-4. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21).
- Lucas, Ernest C. Daniel, Book of. Vanhoozer, Kevin J.; Bartholomew, Craig G.; Treier, Daniel J. (编). Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible. Baker Academic. 2005 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8010-2694-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21).
- Matthews, Victor H.; Moyer, James C. The Old Testament: Text and Context. Baker Books. 2012 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8010-4835-7. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- McDonald, Lee Martin. Formation of the Bible: the Story of the Church's Canon. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. 2012: 57 [22 July 2014]. ISBN 978-1-59856-838-7. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25).
- Miller, Steven R. Daniel. B&H Publishing Group. 1994. ISBN 978-0-8054-0118-9.
- Niskanen, Paul. The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel. Continuum. 2004 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-567-08213-8. (原始内容存档于2019-12-27).
- Provan, Iain. Daniel. Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (编). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. 2003 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21).
- Redditt, Paul L. Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans. 2008 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-2896-5. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- Reid, Stephen Breck. Daniel, Book of. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (编). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9789053565032. (原始内容存档于2019-11-30).
- Rowland, Christopher. Apocalyptic Literature. Hass, Andrew; Jasper, David; Jay, Elisabeth (编). The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology. Oxford University Press. 2007 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-927197-9. (原始内容存档于2019-12-22).
- Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. InterVarsity Press. 1998 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8308-6733-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-22).
- Sacchi, Paolo. The History of the Second Temple Period. Continuum. 2004 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-567-04450-1. (原始内容存档于2019-12-27).
- Schwartz, Daniel R. Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity. Mohr Siebeck. 1992 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-3-16-145798-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-20).
- Seow, C.L. Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. 2003 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-664-25675-3. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25).
- Schiffman, Lawrence H. From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. KTAV Publishing House. 1991 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-88125-372-6. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- Spencer, Richard A. Additions to Daniel. Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. (编). The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha. Mercer University Press. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-86554-510-6. (原始内容存档于2020-03-29).
- Towner, W. Sibley. Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. 1984 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-664-23756-1. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25).
- VanderKam, James C. The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Eerdmans. 2010 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-6435-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-22).
- VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter. The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. HarperCollins. 2013 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-06-224330-0. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- Waters, Matt. Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC. Cambridge University Press. 2014 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-1-107-65272-9. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21).
- Weber, Timothy P. Millennialism. Walls, Jerry L. (编). The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology. Oxford University Press. 2007 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-974248-6. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21).
- Wesselius, Jan-Wim. The Writing of Daniel. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (编). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 0-391-04128-2. (原始内容存档于2019-12-01).
外部链接
[编辑]- Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – old translation
- Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Nebuchadnezzar II on Ancient History Encyclopedia
前任: 那波帕拉萨尔 |
美索不达米亚王朝表 | 继任: 以未米罗达 |