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山案座

天球赤道座標星圖 05h 00m 00s, −80° 00′ 00″
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山案座
Mensa
星座
Mensa
縮寫Men
所有格Mensae
象徵物桌山
赤經03h 12m 55.9008s至07h 36m 51.5289s
赤緯−71°至−85.5°
家族拉卡伊家族
象限SQ1
面積153平方度 (第75)
主要恆星4
拜耳/佛氏
恆星
16
行星的恆星3
亮度3m以上的恆星0
距離在10秒差距(32.62光年)內的恆星0
最亮星山案座α (5.09m)
最近的恆星山案座α
(33.10 ly, 10.15 pc)
梅西爾天體0
流星雨0
鄰接星座蝘蜓座
劍魚座
水蛇座
南極座
飛魚座
可以看見的緯度範圍: +4°至−90°之間
最適合觀賞的月份:一月
山案座可用肉眼觀測

山案座(拉丁語:Mensa是靠近南天極南天星座,屬法國天文學家尼可拉·路易·拉卡伊18世紀劃分的14個星座。星座原名「Mensa」是拉丁語,意為桌子,原指「Mons Mensae」,即桌山。山案座屬國際天文聯會指定的88個現代星座,覆蓋153.5平方度夜空,面積排名第75。除南天極的南極座外,山案座是最靠南面的星座,北半球只有北緯5度線以南才能觀測。

山案座亮度在88個現代星座基本墊底,完全沒有明亮恆星,最亮的山案座α僅在理想天氣的郊區夜空勉強可見。大麥哲倫星系眾多星團類星體在山案座範圍,至少三個恆星系發現系外行星

歷史

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法國天文學家尼可拉·路易·拉卡伊好望角停留兩年觀察並分類上萬顆南天恆星,在歐洲無法觀測的南天星空劃分14個星座,另外13個用象徵啟蒙時代的科學儀器命名,僅代表桌山的山案座例外[1]:6–7。桌山是可俯瞰開普敦的南非山峰,距拉卡伊觀測星空的天文台不遠。星座原名「Mons Mensae」指桌山,據拉卡伊回憶,麥哲倫雲又稱開普雲,東南方向刮來暴風雨時烏雲經常籠罩桌山,就像「桌子」藏在雲後的天上[1]:207–208。1844年約翰·赫歇爾提議把星座名稱縮短成一個單詞,畢竟拉卡伊命名星座後已將相當一部分名稱縮短[2]

簡介

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山案座北接劍魚座,西北和西側靠水蛇座,南臨南極座,東挨蝘蜓座,東北方向與飛魚座相鄰,覆蓋153.5平方度夜空,佔0.372%,在88個現代星座排第75[3]。1922年,國際天文聯會確定以三字母縮寫「Men」代指山案座[4]。比利時天文學家尤金·德爾波特1930年正式劃分星座邊界,山案座呈八條邊組成的多邊形(見文首信息框)。星座在赤道坐標系統赤經位於03h 12m 55.9008s至07h 36m 51.5289s範圍,赤緯在−69.75°到−85.26°之間[5]。除南天極的南極座外,山案座是最靠南面的星座,僅北緯5度線以南可看到完整星座[3][注 1]

顯著特點

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恆星

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拉卡伊用拜耳命名法為星座分配α至λ共十個希臘字母(κ除外),本傑明·阿普索普·古爾德後來增加κ、μ、ν、ξ和π。通常這麼黯淡的恆星沒有資格以希臘字母命名,但古爾德覺得它們離南天極很近,有必要命名。[1]:207–20888個現代星座僅山案座沒有恆星亮度超過5.0視星等[6],最亮的山案座α只有5.09視星等,僅在理想天氣的郊區夜空勉強可見[7],星座內共22顆恆星亮度不低於6.5視星等[注 2][3]

山案座α是光譜等級G7V、離地33.32±0.02光年類太陽恆星[9]。25萬年前該星離地不到11光年而且要明亮得多,接近2.0視星等[10]。山案座α周圍紅外過量,表明附近有半徑超過147天文單位星周盤,估計星周盤溫度低於2.2萬開爾文[11]。不過赫雪爾太空望遠鏡的觀測數據不能證實紅外過量數值[12]。山案座α周圍尚未發現行星,角距離3.05弧秒(相當於30天文單位左右)處有紅矮星相伴[7][13][14]

5.19視星等的山案座γ是星座第二亮恆星[15],距地球104.9±0.5光年[9],已有約106億年歷史,以1.04倍太陽質量膨脹到五倍太陽半徑[16],是光譜等級K2III的橙巨星[17]。5.31視星等的山案座β離地660±10光年[15][9],是光譜等級G8III的黃巨星,質量約太陽3.6倍並有513倍太陽光度。該星已有2.7億年歷史,[18]位於大麥哲倫星系前方[15]

山案座ζ山案座η都有紅外過量,表明周邊存在星周盤[19][20]。山案座ζ是光譜等級A5 III的衰老白巨星,距地球394±4光年[21][9]。山案座η是光譜等級K4 III的橙巨星[20],離地650±10光年[9]

光譜等級G1的山案座π也是類太陽恆星,距地球59.62±0.07光年[9]。2001年,科學家發現該星還有離心軌道亞恆星相伴[22]。結合更加精確的依巴谷衛星數據判斷,伴星在10.27至29.9倍木星質量範圍,這與亞恆星定義相符,如果再大就要歸入棕矮星範圍[23]。2018年9月16日,科學家公佈發現山案座π第二顆亞恆星伴星的消息,這顆超級地球的軌道周期為6.27天,是科學家通過凌日系外行星巡天衛星發現後公佈的第一顆系外行星[24]

HD 38283是光譜等級F9.5V的類太陽恆星[25],亮度6.7視星等[26],離地124.3±0.1光年[9]。2011年,科學家用徑向速度法發現該星存在軌道周期363天(接近地球)的氣態巨行星質量下限約為木星三分之一[26]。HD 39194是光譜等級K0V、8.08視星等的橙矮星,距地球86.21±0.09光年[9]高精度徑向速度行星搜索器在附近發現三顆行星,公轉周期分別是5.6、14和34天,質量下限分別是地球3.72、5.94和5.14倍[27]

山案座TZ是亮度以8.57天周期在6.2到6.9範圍變化的食雙星[6],由兩顆距離很近的白主序星組成。其中一顆光譜等級A0V,半徑為太陽兩倍,質量2.5倍;另一顆光譜等級A8V,半徑是太陽1.4倍,質量1.5倍[28][29]。山案座UX也是食雙星,由兩顆質量約太陽1.2倍且有22±5億年歷史的恆星組成[30],以4.19天周期圍繞彼此旋轉[31],離地338.2±0.9光年[9]。山案座TY既是食雙星,又是大熊座W型變星,兩星距離太近以至共用外圍恆星材料。經過計算,兩星中比較大的擁有1.86倍太陽質量,直徑1.85倍,光度13.6倍;另一顆四成太陽質量,直徑八成四,光度1.7倍;兩星表面溫度分別是8164和7183開爾文[32]。山案座YY是光譜等級K1III的橙巨星,約2.2倍太陽質量,直徑12.7倍,光度70倍。該星以9.5天為周期高速旋轉,發射的X射線極強,達到后髮座FK型變星水平[33]。這類變星估計是由恆星系接觸後兩顆恆星合併而成[34]。山案座YY亮度8.05視星等,距地球707±6光年[9]。山案座AH是激變變星系,由圍繞彼此以2小時57分軌道周期高速旋轉的白矮星和紅矮星組成。兩星距離太近,白矮星從紅矮星吸收物質形成按周期爆發導致星系突然變亮的吸積盤[35]山案座TU也是白矮星和紅矮星組成的激變變星,以2小時49分公轉周期圍繞彼此旋轉,超峰時間(即周期爆發後變亮的時間)在已發現的激變變星系名列前茅。通常激變變星爆發後的增亮周期是第37天增亮一天,超峰可在每194天增亮5到20天[36]

哈勃空間望遠鏡拍攝的NGC 1987照片

山案座AO是9.8視星等的黯淡橙矮星,質量和尺寸均為太陽八成[37],同時還是天龍座BY型變星[38]。這類星體的星斑非常明顯, 以至自轉時亮度都會變化[39]。山案座AO是繪架座β移動星群成員,該星群正經過銀河系,其中恆星大都很年輕,相互沒有密切聯繫[37]

WISE 0535-7500是兩顆次棕矮星組成的聯星系統,距地球47±3光年,光譜等級低於Y1,目前科技手段還無法分開觀測。估計兩星質量都在8到20倍木星範圍,間隔不到一天文單位[40]

深空天體

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IC 2051是山案座螺旋星系[41]

大麥哲倫星系少部分在山案座範圍[42],大部分在相鄰的劍魚座[6],是銀河系的衛星星系,距地球16.3萬公里[43]。其中位於山案座的恆星包括:山案座W是黃白超巨星,也是罕見的北冕座R型變星[44]HDE 268835是藍色特超巨星,周圍是巨大的星周盤[45]R71高光度藍變星,2012年光度高峰達太陽上百萬倍[46]。NGC 1987是大麥哲倫星系的球狀星團,估計約有六億年歷史,包含大量衰老的紅色恆星[47];NGC 1848是形成2700萬年的疏散星團[48]。此外,山案座還有許多疏散星團,但絕大部分只能用大型望遠鏡觀測[49]

PKS 0637-752是紅移值0.651的遙遠類星體,是1999年錢德拉X射線天文台投入運作後第一個觀測目標。觀測結果表明星體噴射的氣體長33萬光年,可用無線電、光學望遠鏡或利用X射線波長觀測[50]

註釋

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  1. ^ 技術上來說北緯5到20度也能看到部分羅盤座,但只高於地平線幾度的恆星無論通過何等手段都無法觀測[3]
  2. ^ 6.5視星等是肉眼在城鄉結合位置理想夜空條件下能看到的光線最微弱天體[8]

參考資料

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