非洲大蝸牛科
瑪瑙螺科 化石時期：
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| 非洲大蝸牛 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 綱： | 腹足綱 Gastropoda |
| 亞群： | 泛有肺亞群 Panpulmonata |
| 總目： | 真有肺總目 Eupulmonata |
| 目： | 柄眼目 Stylommatophora |
| 亞目： | 瑪瑙螺亞目 Achatinina |
| 總科： | 瑪瑙螺總科 Achatinoidea |
| 科： | 瑪瑙螺科 Achatinidae Swainson, 1840[2] |
| 屬 | |
非洲大蝸牛科（學名：Achatinidae），又名瑪瑙螺科，包括超過100個屬，都是原生於非洲的大型和中型陸生蝸牛，成蝸每年可以產3-6次卵，每次產卵因體形不同，每次產卵約50-500顆。
分佈
[編輯]解剖學
[編輯]分類學
[編輯]該科分類在非正式群體彎尿道亞目下，屬於柄眼亞目、真肺目，下領四個亞科[4]。
2017年，根據《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，原來柄眼目之下的四大分類重組，本科成為了瑪瑙螺亞目的成員之餘，下領八個亞科的鑽頭螺科亦被併入本科[5]。因此，非洲大蝸牛科成為了一個下領12個亞科的龐大分類，而不少亞科之下又再細分為多個族。
以下為非洲大蝸牛科之下的12個亞科：
- 瑪瑙螺亞科 Achatininae Swainson, 1840：異名包括Urceidae Chaper, 1884及Ampullidae Winckworth, 1945
- Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907
- Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916
- 珀色螺亞科 Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920
- 鑽螺亞科 Opeatinae Thiele, 1931
- Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999
- Pyrgininae Germain, 1916
- 錫金螺亞科 Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999
- 芻螺亞科 Rumininae Wenz, 1923
- 窄圓螺亞科 Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
- 鑽頭螺亞科 Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
- Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895
各個亞科包含的屬如下：
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瑪瑙螺亞科 Achatininae Swainson, 1840
[編輯]- 族 Achatinini Swainson, 1840
- 瑪瑙螺屬 Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Archachatina Albers, 1850
- Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888
- Bequaertina Mead, 1994
- Brownisca Mead, 2004
- Bruggenina Mead, 2004
- Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
- Cochlitoma A. Férussac, 1821
- Leptocalina Bequaert, 1950
- Leptocallista Pilsbry, 1904
- Lignus Gray, 1834
- Metachatina Pilsbry, 1904
- Pseudachatina Albers, 1850
- Achatinus Montfort, 1810，接受名為：Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Achatium Link, 1807，接受名為：Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Agathina J. Férussac, 1807，接受名為：Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Burtopsis Bourguignat, 1889，接受名為： Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
- Euaethiops Clench & Archer, 1930，接受名為：Achatina (Euaethiopina) Bequaert, 1950
- Eutaxis Ancey, 1888，接受名為：Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888
- Geodes Gistel, 1848，接受名為：Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Livinhacia Crosse, 1889，接受名為：Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
- Megachatina Bequaert & Clench, 1936，接受名為：Archachatina (Calachatina) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Archachatina Albers, 1850
- Oncaea Gistel, 1848 ，接受名為：Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Parachatina Bourguignat, 1889，接受名為：Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Pseudotrochus Mörch, 1852，接受名為：Lignus Gray, 1834
- Serpaea Bourguignat, 1889，接受名為：Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- Urceus Mörch, 1857，接受名為：Achatina Lamarck, 1799
- 族 Callistoplepini Mead, 1994
- Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888
- Leptocala Ancey, 1888
- Ganomidos d'Ailly, 1896，接受名為：Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888
- Petitia Jousseaume, 1884，接受名為：Leptocala Ancey, 1888
- 族 Limicolariini Schileyko, 1999
- Columna Perry, 1811
- Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817
- Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910
- Perideriopsis Putzeys, 1898，接受名為：Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817
- Rebmanniella Preston, 1911，接受名為：Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910
- † Arabicolaria Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016
亞科 Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907
[編輯]- Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
- Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
- Neosubulina E.A. Smith, 1898
- Bathyaxis Ancey, 1887，接受名為：Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
- Microbeliscus Weyrauch, 1964，接受名為：Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
- Nannobeliscus Weyrauch, 1967，接受名為：Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
- Sphalerostoma Girard, 1892，接受名為：Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
亞科 Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916
[編輯]- Cryptelasmus Pilsbry, 1907
- Thomea Girard, 1893
珀色螺亞科 Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920
[編輯]- 珀色螺屬 Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
- Electra Albers, 1850，接受名為：Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
- Jadukamia Godwin-Austen, 1920，接受名為：Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
- 滑胚瑪瑙螺屬 Lissachatina Bequaert, 1950
鑽螺亞科 Opeatinae Thiele, 1931
[編輯]- Eremopeas Pilsbry, 1906
- 鑽螺屬 Opeas Albers, 1850
- † Pacaudiella Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016
亞科 Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999
[編輯]- Bocageia Girard, 1893
- Ceras Dupuis & Putzeys, 1901
- Chilonopsis Fischer von Waldheim, 1848
- Cleostyla Dall, 1896
- Comoropeas Pilsbry, 1906
- Dictyoglessula Pilsbry, 1919
- Homorus Albers, 1850
- Ischnoglessula Pilsbry, 1919
- Itiopiana Preston, 1910
- Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
- Liobocageia Pilsbry, 1919
- Mabilliella Ancey, 1886
- Nothapalinus Connolly, 1923
- Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897
- Oleata L. Ortiz de Zarate & R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959
- Oreohomorus Pilsbry, 1919
- Petriola Dall, 1905
- Subuliniscus Pilsbry, 1919
- Subulona E. von Martens, 1889
- Kempia Preston, 1913，接受名為：Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
- Kenia Preston, 1911，接受名為：Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897
- Pileata L. Ortiz de Zarate & R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959，接受名為：Subulona E. von Martens, 1889
- Pseudocerastus Germain, 1918，接受名為：Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
- Trichodina Ancey, 1888，接受名為：Petriola Dall, 1905
亞科 Pyrgininae Germain, 1916
[編輯]- Pseudobalea Shuttleworth, 1854
- Pyrgina Greef, 1882
錫金螺亞科 Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999
[編輯]- 杆狀螺屬 Bacillum Theobald, 1870
- Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946
- 錫金螺屬 Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920
- 捲軸螺屬 Tortaxis Pilsbry, 1906
- Dikrangia Godwin-Austen, 1920，接受名為：Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920
- Ranibania Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1996，接受名為：Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920 (objective synonym)
- Tomopeas Pilsbry, 1906，接受名為：Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946
芻螺亞科 Rumininae Wenz, 1923
[編輯]- Balfouria Crosse, 1885
- Krapfiella Preston, 1911
- Lubricetta F. Haas, 1928
- Namibiella Zilch, 1954
- Riebeckia E. von Martens, 1883
- 芻螺屬 Rumina Risso, 1826
- Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902
- Cylindrina Schlüter, 1838，接受名為：Rumina Risso, 1826
- Eburnea Mousson, 1888，接受名為：Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902
- Orbitina Risso, 1826，接受名為：Rumina Risso, 1826
- Sira A. Schmidt, 1855，接受名為：Rumina Risso, 1826
窄圓螺亞科 Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
[編輯]- Chryserpes Pilsbry, 1906
- Cupulella Aguayo & Jaume, 1948
- Dolicholestes Pilsbry, 1906
- Lyobasis Pilsbry, 1903
- Neobeliscus Pilsbry, 1896
- Obeliscus H. Beck, 1837
- Ochroderma Ancey, 1885
- Ochrodermatina Thiele, 1931
- Ochrodermella Pilsbry, 1907
- Plicaxis Sykes, 1903
- Promoussonius Pilsbry, 1906
- Protobeliscus Pilsbry, 1906
- Rhodea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
- 窄圓螺屬 Stenogyra Shuttleworth, 1854
- Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896
- Zoniferella Pilsbry, 1906
- Oxycheilus Albers, 1850，接受名為：Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896
- Rhodina de Morgan, 1885，接受名為：Plicaxis Sykes, 1903
鑽頭螺亞科 Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
[編輯]- 錐蝸牛屬 Allopeas H.B. Baker, 1935，異鑽螺屬
- Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
- 曲鑽螺屬 Curvella Chaper, 1885
- Dysopeas H.B. Baker, 1927
- Euonyma Melvill & Ponsonby, 1896
- Fortuna Schlickum & Strauch, 1972
- Hypolysia Melvill & Ponsonby, 1901
- Lamellaxis Strebel & Pfeffer, 1882
- Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837
- Leptopeas H.B. Baker, 1927
- Micropeas Connolly, 1923
- Neoglessula Pilsbry, 1909
- 側鑽螺屬 Paropeas Pilsbry, 1906
- Pelatrinia Pilsbry, 1907
- 近鑽螺屬 Prosopeas Mörch, 1876
- Pseudoglessula O. Boettger, 1892
- Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899
- Striosubulina Thiele, 1933
- 鑽頭螺屬 Subulina H. Beck, 1837
- Vegrandinia Salvador, Cunha & Simone, 2013
- Zootecus Westerlund, 1887
- Chilogymnus Ehrenberg, 1831 (taxon inquirendum)
- Beccaria Bourguignat, 1883，接受名為：Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899
- Chilogymnus Jousseaume, 1894，接受名為：Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym)
- Diaopeas F. Haas, 1962，接受名為：Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
- Hapalus Albers, 1850，接受名為：曲鑽螺屬（Curvella Chaper, 1885）
- Nothus Albers, 1850，接受名為：Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837
- Obeliscella Jousseaume, 1889，接受名為：Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym)
- Synopeas Jousseaume, 1889，接受名為：Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895
[編輯]- Thyrophorella Greeff, 1882
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 "Family summary for Achatinidae". AnimalBase, last change 24-11-2007, accessed 3 August 2010
- ^ Swainson W. J. (1840). A treatise on malacology161: 334.
- ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
- ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
- ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
