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用戶:A1Cafel/Halola

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颱風哈洛拉(戈林)
Typhoon Halola (Goring)
颱風(日本
二級颱風(美國
7月22日,正處最高強度的颱風哈洛拉
形成2015年7月10日
消散2015年7月26日
最高風速10分鐘持續 150公里/小時(90英里/小時)
1分鐘持續 155公里/小時(100英里/小時)
最低氣壓955百帕毫巴);28.2英寸汞柱
死亡
損失$124萬(2015年美元
影響地區威克島日本大韓民國
2015年太平洋颶風颱風季的一部分

颱風哈洛拉(英語:Typhoon Halola),在菲律賓被稱為颱風戈林(英語:Typhoon Goring),是2015年7月的一個規模較小但持續時間較長的熱帶氣旋,在太平洋上橫越7,640公里。哈洛拉是2015年太平洋颶風季的第五個獲命名的風暴,起源於一道位於西太平洋的季風槽,該槽在7月5日擴展到中太平洋。在接下來的幾天裏,系統因風切變的變化而起伏不定,然後於7月10日在夏威夷州西南方發展成熱帶低氣壓。該低氣壓在翌日向西移動時增強為熱帶風暴哈洛拉。哈洛拉於7月13日越過國際日期變更線進入西太平洋,在那裏即時被認定為強烈熱帶風暴。風暴於翌日進一步增強為颱風,然後於7 月16日遭遇強烈的風切變,並在經過威克島以南時迅速減弱為熱帶低氣壓。然而,風切變在7月19日放緩,使哈洛拉重新增強。7月21日,哈洛拉再次達到颱風的標準,隨後達到十分鐘持續風速每小時150公里、最低氣壓955百帕毫巴;28.20英寸汞柱)的最高強度。7月23日起,增強的風切變和乾空氣導致哈洛拉緩慢減弱。系統於7月25日開始轉向北移動並降至低於颱風的標準。哈洛拉於7月26日以熱帶風暴的標準登陸九州,不久後在對馬海峽消散。

颱風最初對威克島構成重大威脅,促使所有人員從該島的軍事基地英語Wake Island Airfield撤離。然而,在它靠近期間並無造成任何損失。琉球群島受到暴雨和強風吹襲,德之島的降雨量創歷史新高。水災和山泥傾瀉迫使數千人撤離。儘管甘蔗作物遭受的損失達1.54億日元(124萬美元),但整體損失相對有限。九州有兩人受傷。

氣象歷史

[編輯]
根據薩菲爾-辛普森颶風風力等級的強度繪製的風暴路徑圖
圖例
  熱帶低氣壓(≤62 km/h)
  熱帶風暴(63–118 km/h)
  一級(119–153 km/h)
  二級(154–177 km/h)
  三級(178–208 km/h)
  四級(209–251 km/h)
  五級(≥252 km/h)
  未知

颱風哈洛拉的起源可以追溯到一道位於西太平洋的季風槽,該槽在7月3日催生出一個較弱的低層環流。到7月5日,該槽向東擴展到中太平洋並帶來環流。該槽後來在中太平洋促成另外兩個熱帶氣旋:埃拉(Ela)和尤內(Iune)。7月6日,該環流開始變得更有組織。隨着深層對流有所增加,它於翌日開始脫離該槽並向北漂移。7月7日晚上,一個上層反氣旋向北移動並遠離環流中心,導致系統受到東風切變影響,其發展趨勢暫時受阻。7月9日晚上,該環流只剩下一團雲層漩渦。然後風切變有所放緩,使暴露的低層環流被深層對流覆蓋。系統繼續組織,並於7月10日6時在夏威夷州檀香山西南約1,650公里處發展成熱帶低氣壓。該新生的低氣壓在接下來的幾天裏繼續緩慢地加強,中太平洋颶風中心於7月11日0時將其升級為熱帶風暴哈洛拉。風暴以北的一個高壓脊引導其向西移,儘管在7月12日該脊被一個上層低壓槽減弱,使哈洛拉的移動得到一定的北向量。該槽還為哈洛拉帶來輕微的西北風切變,導致哈洛拉的一分鐘持續風速達到每小時95公里後便趨於平穩[1]。7月13日0時,哈洛拉越過國際日期變更線進入西太平洋[1],該區屬於日本氣象廳的管轄範圍,該氣象廳即時將其認定為強烈熱帶風暴[2]

7月14日,位於威克島東南方、接近首波最高強度的颱風哈洛拉

進入西太平洋後,哈洛拉開始迅速增強,形成一個直徑15公里寬的細小風眼及打開良好的外流通道[3]。因此,日本氣象廳評估哈洛拉已於7月14日0時增強為颱風。儘管眼狀特徵很快便消失,但其對流繼續加深,哈洛拉在6時達到十分鐘持續風速每小時130公里的首波最高強度[4][2]。美國聯合颱風警報中心同時判斷哈洛拉的一分鐘持續風速達每小時155公里,相當於薩菲爾-辛普森颶風風力等級中的二級標準[5]。此後不久,風切變增加和外流量減少導致其逐漸減弱[6]。7月15日6時,該系統在靠近威克島時降至低於颱風的標準[2]。7月16日,當哈洛拉從威克島以南掠過時,對流被切離低層環流中心以東,反映系統的結構混亂[7]。在上層環境不利的情況下,哈洛拉於7月17日減弱為熱帶低氣壓,且在未來兩天仍將維持此強度[2]。由於系統在強高壓脊的影響下穩定向西移動,遇到亁空氣,進一步限制其雷暴活動直到7月18日[8]

7月19日,哈洛拉周邊的環境開始好轉。風切變減弱,風暴向西北偏西移動,進入空氣較濕潤的區域[9]。結果,系統重新開始整合,在18時再次增強為熱帶風暴[2],成為西北太平洋重生的風暴日語復活台風。當哈洛拉橫過海面溫度接近攝氏30度的水域時,微波衛星影像上可以觀測到一眼狀特徵[10]。隨後風暴迅速增強,系統在7月20日6時達到強烈熱帶風暴的標準,18小時後更達到颱風的標準[2]。隨着風暴增強,風眼的直徑收窄到9公里[11],最終在7月21日18時達到十分鐘持續風速每小時150公里、最低氣壓955百帕毫巴;28.20英寸汞柱)的最高強度[2]。在接下來的12小時內,哈洛拉的風眼逐漸崩塌但及後重新形成,其強度略有減弱[12][13]。儘管外流情況轉差,哈洛拉在7月22日的組織仍然良好且系統的結構緊密[14],聯合颱風警報中心評估它在12時再次達到風力時速155公里的一分鐘持續風速[5]

7月23日,隨着風切變再次增強,加上乾空氣開始衝擊系統,哈洛拉開始逐漸減弱[2][15]。颱風在8時之前進入菲律賓責任區菲律賓大氣地球物理和天文服務管理局給予當地名稱「戈林」(Goring[16]。風暴仍停留在菲律賓東北方較遠洋面並於翌日離開菲律賓責任區[17]。到7月24日晚上,乾空氣完全包圍哈洛拉的環流,導致其對流緩慢地消散。系統於7月25日減弱至低於颱風的標準,並開始轉向北移動[18][2]。在此期間,哈洛拉橫過琉球群島,在沖繩島東北方掠過並直接接觸奄美群島[19]。7月26日,哈洛拉以熱帶風暴的標準先在9時半登陸長崎縣西海市,再於10時登陸同縣的佐世保市[2][20][21]。氣旋很快便受陸地相互作用影響[22]。數小時後,隨着哈洛拉在九州以北消散,日本氣象廳發佈針對它的最後一報[2],這結束哈洛拉16天、橫越太平洋長達7,640公里的旅程[19]

Impact

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Wake Island

[編輯]
The C-17 Globemaster III aircraft used for the evacuation of Wake Island

Typhoon Halola was the first significant threat to Wake Island since Hurricane Ioke in 2006, which caused tremendous damage and forced the closure of the island for three months. The Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness (TCCOR) level was raised to 3—indicating winds of 93 km/h(58 mph) or higher were possible within 48 hours—by 2:00 p.m. local time on July 14.[23] That day, a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft from the Hawaii Air National Guard was used to evacuate 125 Department of Defense personnel deployed on Wake Island due to the threat of storm surge. The evacuees were brought to Anderson Air Force Base on Guam.[24][25] The TCCOR was raised to level 2—indicating winds of 93 km/h(58 mph) or higher were expected within 48 hours—on July 15. Warnings were discontinued as the storm weakened and moved away from the island the following day.[23]

Members of the 36th Contingency Response Group and the 353d Special Operations Group were parachuted onto the island on July 18 to conduct damage assessments and clear the airfield of debris.[26] Little, if any, damage was incurred according to their assessments.[27] The airfield was re-opened on July 20 and personnel resumed normal operations.[26]

Japan and South Korea

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Tropical Storm Halola approaching Kyushu, Japan on July 26

On July 22, Sasebo Naval Base was placed on alert for possible effects from the approaching typhoon. TCCOR 3 was raised for all United States military bases in Okinawa the next morning. This was subsequently extended on July 24 to cover Sasebo and Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni while the bases on Okinawa were placed under TCCOR 2. Additionally, TCCOR 4—indicating winds of 93 km/h(58 mph) were possible within 72 hours—was raised for Camp Walker and Chinhae Naval Base in South Korea. During the evening of July 24, TCCOR 1—indicating winds of 93 km/h(58 mph) were expected within 12 hours—was issued for the Okinawa bases. Sasebo Naval Base entered TCCOR 1 late on July 25. Following the storm's degradation into a depression on July 26, all TCCOR levels were dropped or reduced.[23] More than 100 flights to and from Naha Airport were cancelled, affecting approximately 16,000 passengers, with All Nippon Airways comprising the majority of affected flights.[23] Eight flights to and from Kumejima were also canceled.[28] 23 highway bus services by 16 operators were suspended.[29] The JMA warned residents across Kyushu to be on alert for flooding.[30]

Owing to the typhoon's northward turn, Okinawa was largely spared. Sustained winds at Kadena Air Base reached 48 km/h(30 mph), with gusts reaching 69 km/h(43 mph).[23] East of Okinawa in the Daitō Islands, sustained winds reached 114 km/h(71 mph) on Minamidaitōjima with a gust of 157 km/h(98 mph); both values were the highest in relation to the storm on land. Similar winds were recorded on Amami Ōshima, situated between Okinawa and Kyushu. Torrential rains affected portions of the archipelago, with Isen, Tokunoshima, receiving record-breaking accumulations. Twenty-four-hour totals reached 444 mm(17.5英寸), including 114.5 mm(4.51英寸) in one hour and 258.5 mm(10.18英寸) in three hours; all three values were record amounts since the station began observations in 1977 and considered a 1-in-50 year event.[19][31] Rainfall reached 109 mm(4.3英寸) on Okinoerabujima.[32] Ironically, Halola helped suppress rainfall across the majority of mainland Japan by severing a plume of moisture previously bringing several days of heavy rain. Most areas across western Japan received modest rainfall from the dissipating storm.[19]

Throughout the Daitō Islands, sugarcane farms were significantly affected by Typhoon Halola, resulting in ¥154 million (US$1.24 million) in damage.[33] The heavy rains on Tokunoshima prompted the evacuation of 7,500 residents and flooding damaged 90 homes.[19][34] Multiple landslides were reported on the island.[34] Power outages took place on Kitadaitōjima and Minamidaitō.[35] A landslide in Kunigami forced the closure of National Route 331.[36] In mainland Japan, one person was injured in Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, after falling from a roof, while another person in Nagasaki hit their head after falling from a ladder.[37] In Akita Prefecture, Honshu, river levees along the Sainai River were breached by heavy rain brought on by the combination of a weather front and the remnants of Halola.[37][38] In response to the effects of Halola as well as Typhoon Nangka which struck Japan ten days earlier, the Cabinet of Japan activated additional financial support for affected areas through the Catastrophic Disasters Act.[37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Derek Wroe. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Halola (PDF) (報告). Central Pacific Hurricane Center. July 9, 2017 [December 28, 2019]. 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Typhoon Best Track 2015-08-25T01:00:00Z (報告). Japan Meteorological Agency. [December 28, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於August 9, 2017). 
  3. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 16. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 14, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 14, 2015). 
  4. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 17. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 14, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 14, 2015). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 J. H. Chu; A. Levine; S. Daida; D. Schiber; E. Fukada; C. R. Sampson. Western North Pacific Ocean Best Track Data 2015. United States Naval Research Laboratory Marine Meteorology Division & Joint Typhoon Warning Center. [December 30, 2019]. 
  6. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 18. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 14, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 14, 2015). 
  7. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 25. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 16, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 16, 2015). 
  8. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 32. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 18, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 21, 2015). 
  9. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 38. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 19, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 21, 2015). 
  10. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 41. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 20, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 21, 2015). 
  11. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 46. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 21, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 21, 2015). 
  12. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 47. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 21, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 21, 2015). 
  13. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 48. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 22, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 22, 2015). 
  14. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 51. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 22, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 24, 2015). 
  15. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 53. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 23, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 24, 2015). 
  16. ^ Severe Weather Bulletin #1 Tropical Cyclone Alert: Typhoon 'Goring'. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. July 23, 2015. (原始內容存檔於November 17, 2015). 
  17. ^ Severe Weather Bulletin #5 Tropical Cyclone Alert: Typhoon 'Goring'. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. July 24, 2015. (原始內容存檔於November 17, 2015). 
  18. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 58. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 24, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 26, 2015). 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Nick Wiltgen. Typhoon Halola Reaches End of 17-Day Journey Through Pacific (Recap). Atlanta, Georgia: The Weather Channel. July 27, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  20. ^ 平成27年 台風第12号に関する情報 第94号. Japan Meteorological Agency. [July 26, 2015]. (原始內容存檔於July 26, 2015) (日語). 
  21. ^ 平成27年 台風第12号に関する情報 第96号. Japan Meteorological Agency. [July 26, 2015]. (原始內容存檔於July 26, 2015) (日語). 
  22. ^ Tropical Depression 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 066. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 26, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於July 27, 2015). 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Dave Ornauer. Pacific Storm Tracker: [Typhoon Halola]. Stars and Stripes. July 25, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  24. ^ Total force effort ensures successful typhoon evacuation. Anderson Air Force Base, Guam: Pacific Air Forces. July 15, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  25. ^ Senior Airman Orlando Corpuz. Total force effort ensures successful typhoon evacuation. Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii: 154th Wing. July 17, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 353rd SOG collaborates with 36th CRG to open Wake Island airfield. Wake Island: Defense Media Activity. Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System. July 20, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  27. ^ Senior Airman Alexander W. Riedel. Contingency response Airmen assist in Wake Island storm recovery. Wake Island: United States Air Force. July 22, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  28. ^ 台風12号:久米島、鹿児島便など船の欠航8便. Okinawa Times. July 26, 2015 [December 23, 2015] (日語). 
  29. ^ 平成28年台風12号による被害状況等について (PDF) (報告). 內閣府. July 28, 2015 [December 30, 2019] (日語). 
  30. ^ 台風12号、熱帯低気圧に 長崎・佐世保に上陸後. 朝日新聞. July 26, 2015 [December 23, 2015] (日語). 
  31. ^ 台風12号 徳之島で「50年に1度」の記録的大雨 伊仙町で1時間に114ミリ. 産経ニュース. July 25, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. (原始內容存檔於July 28, 2015) (日語). 
  32. ^ Kristina Pydynowski. Halola Weakens, Bringing Rain to Japan. AccuWeather. July 27, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. (原始內容存檔於August 1, 2015). 
  33. ^ 台風12号、キビ被害1億5400万 南北大東. Ryūkyū Shimpō. July 28, 2015 [July 29, 2015] (日語). 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 台風12号 徳之島町で浸水被害90棟. Yomiuri Shimbun. July 27, 2015 [December 23, 2015] (日語). 
  35. ^ 大雨・暴風 大東と沖縄本島の生活に影響. Okinawa Times. July 26, 2015 [December 23, 2015] (日語). 
  36. ^ 国頭林道2ヵ所、台風で土砂崩れ 東村国道、復旧進まず. Ryūkyū Shimpō. July 28, 2015 [December 23, 2015] (日語). 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 平成27年台風第12号による大雨等に係る被害状況等について (PDF) (報告). 內閣府. July 27, 2015 [July 30, 2015] (日語). 
  38. ^ 県内大雨、斉内川の堤防決壊 JRダイヤも混乱. 秋田魁新報社. July 25, 2015 [July 30, 2015]. (原始內容存檔於August 2, 2015) (日語). 
[編輯]
2015年太平洋颶風季的熱帶氣旋編輯
5
P
歷史
薩菲爾-辛普森颶風風力等級
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5



* 中太平洋颶風
# 大西洋颶風