外泌汗腺

外泌汗腺
	皮膚剖面圖，黃色為外泌汗腺
基本資訊
發育自	外胚層
系統	外皮系統
神經	膽鹼能交感神經
標識字符
拉丁文	Glandula sudorifera merocrina;; Glandula sudorifera eccrina
MeSH	D004439
TH	H3.12.00.3.03009
FMA	FMA:59154
	《解剖學術語》 [在維基數據上編輯]

外泌汗腺（英語：eccrine sweat gland），又名小汗腺，是人體主要的汗腺^[3]，存在於幾乎所有皮膚，尤以手掌和腳掌的密度為最高，頭部次之，軀幹及四肢較少，在其他哺乳動物中則較為稀疏，主要存在於無毛部位。人體發育過程中外泌汗腺密度最高可達200-400/cm²^[4]^[5]。

外泌汗腺由頂端汗管、真皮導管和分泌小管組成。其中，頂端汗管（又名末端汗管）為一螺旋狀導管；真皮導管為一外直內曲導管；分泌小管呈捲曲狀，位於真皮或下皮（英語：hypodermis）深處^[6]。

分泌[編輯]

外泌汗腺的分泌物是一種無菌的稀電解質溶液，主要成分有碳酸氫鹽、鉀和氯化鈉（NaCl）^[5]，以及其他微量成分，如葡萄糖、丙酮酸、乳酸、細胞因子、免疫球蛋白、抗菌肽等^[5]。

汗液中Na⁺離子的濃度比血漿和細胞外液低得多（汗液約為40mM，血漿和細胞外液約為150mM）。外泌汗腺中的汗液最開始是含有高濃度Na⁺離子的，但Na⁺離子通過外泌汗腺導管細胞上的上皮鈉通道（英語：epithelial sodium channels）（ENaC）重吸收進入組織^[7]，減少了出汗過程中Na⁺的損失。ENaC突變亞基攜帶者會患有全身性假醛固酮減少症，Na⁺無法重吸收^[8]^[9]，分泌的汗液中Na⁺離子濃度會大大增加（高達180mmol/L）^[8]^[10]。

多汗症患者的汗腺（尤其是外泌汗腺）會對刺激做出過度反應，進而過度活躍，產生比一般人更多的汗液。囊腫性纖維化患者汗液中的Na⁺離子濃度也會增高。這兩種病症是外泌汗腺導管細胞上的CFTR氯化物轉運蛋白（英語：CFTR）異常導致的^[7]。

參考資料[編輯]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Neas, John F. Development of the Integumentary System. Martini, Frederic H.; Timmons, Michael J.; Tallitsch, Bob (編). Embryology Atlas 4th. Benjamin Cumings. [2019-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-08）.
^ Krstic, Radivoj V. Human Microscopic Anatomy: An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology. Springer. 18 March 2004: 464. ISBN 9783540536666.
^ our weird lack of hair may be the key to our success. [2019-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-31）.
^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology 10th. Saunders. 2005: 6–7. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Bolognia, J., Jorizzo, J., & Schaffer, J. (2012). Dermatology (3rd ed., pp. 539-544). [Philadelphia]: Elsevier Saunders.
^ Wilke, K.; Martin, A.; Terstegen, L.; Biel, S. S. A short history of sweat gland biology. International Journal of Cosmetic Science. June 2007, 29 (3): 169–179. ISSN 1468-2494. PMID 18489347. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A. Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages. Histochemistry and Cell Biology. January 2017, 147 (6): 733–748 [2019-09-19]. PMID 28130590. doi:10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-17）.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Hanukoglu A. Type I pseudohypoaldosteronism includes two clinically and genetically distinct entities with either renal or multiple target organ defects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Nov 1991, 73 (5): 936–44 [2019-09-19]. PMID 1939532. doi:10.1210/jcem-73-5-936. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-03）.
^ Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases.. Gene. Jan 2016, 579 (2): 95–132. PMC 4756657 . PMID 26772908. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061.
^ Edelheit, Oded; Hanukoglu, Israel; Shriki, Yafit; Tfilin, Matanel; Dascal, Nathan; Gillis, David; Hanukoglu, Aaron. Truncated beta epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits responsible for multi-system pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) support partial activity of ENaC. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2010, 119 (1–2): 84–88. PMID 20064610. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.002.

外部連結[編輯]

人類外泌汗腺導管的三維可視化視頻（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[neas-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Neas, John F. Development of the Integumentary System. Martini, Frederic H.; Timmons, Michael J.; Tallitsch, Bob (編). Embryology Atlas 4th. Benjamin Cumings. [2019-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-08）.

[krstic04-2] Krstic, Radivoj V. Human Microscopic Anatomy: An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology. Springer. 18 March 2004: 464. ISBN 9783540536666.

[3] ur weird lack of hair may be the key to our success. [2019-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-31）.

[Andrews-4] James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology 10th. Saunders. 2005: 6–7. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.

[Bolognia,_J._2012_pp._539-544-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Bolognia, J., Jorizzo, J., & Schaffer, J. (2012). Dermatology (3rd ed., pp. 539-544). [Philadelphia]: Elsevier Saunders.

[wilke07-6] Wilke, K.; Martin, A.; Terstegen, L.; Biel, S. S. A short history of sweat gland biology. International Journal of Cosmetic Science. June 2007, 29 (3): 169–179. ISSN 1468-2494. PMID 18489347. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x.

[2017-Hanukoglu-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A. Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages. Histochemistry and Cell Biology. January 2017, 147 (6): 733–748 [2019-09-19]. PMID 28130590. doi:10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-17）.

[Hanukoglu1991-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Hanukoglu A. Type I pseudohypoaldosteronism includes two clinically and genetically distinct entities with either renal or multiple target organ defects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Nov 1991, 73 (5): 936–44 [2019-09-19]. PMID 1939532. doi:10.1210/jcem-73-5-936. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-03）.

[2016-Hanukoglu-9] Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases.. Gene. Jan 2016, 579 (2): 95–132. PMC 4756657 . PMID 26772908. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061.

[10] Edelheit, Oded; Hanukoglu, Israel; Shriki, Yafit; Tfilin, Matanel; Dascal, Nathan; Gillis, David; Hanukoglu, Aaron. Truncated beta epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits responsible for multi-system pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) support partial activity of ENaC. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2010, 119 (1–2): 84–88. PMID 20064610. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.002.

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