小齋

小齋在基督宗教中是一種虔修方式，指在周五（東正教還包括周三）進行禁食或不吃（某些）肉類的做法，要求教徒守小齋的宗派包括天主教、東正教，以及新教中的聖公宗以及循道宗^[1]^[2]^[3] 。

亞歷山大教宗伯多祿（英語：Pope Peter I of Alexandria）稱在周五守小齋是為了紀念耶穌在聖周五的殉難^[1]。

內容

羅馬天主教要求教徒在周五禁食熱血肉類，但可以食用魚蝦等水族^[4]。東正教要求教徒除在除聖誕節後12天、復活節以及之後一周、聖三一主日以及之後一周外的每一個周三、周五守小齋，不能食用或飲用熱血肉類、魚（但可以食用貝類）、蛋奶製品、橄欖油（但可以食用橄欖），以及酒精飲料^[5]^[6]。

新教中的循道宗也有小齋的教規。循道宗創始人約翰·衛斯理認為尋求聖秩聖事的教徒應同時在周三（因為猶大在周三背叛耶穌）和周五禁食^[3]。根據1744年的一項指令，循道宗信徒應在全年的周五禁食肉類^[2]^[7]。循道宗傳教士菲比·帕爾默（英語：Phoebe Palmer）亦認同這一主張。在19世紀的聖潔運動中，循道宗將守小齋正式納入教規^[8]^[9]。循道宗鼓勵教徒在周五禁食，尤其是大齋期內的周五^[3]。衛理宗也有周五禁食肉類的教規，但很難判斷這一教規的實行情況如何^[10]。

影響

天主教為守小齋，在周五只食用魚肉而不食用其他肉類，曾在歷史上促進漁業的發展^[11]。在英國的宗教改革運動中，新教徒為表示自己與天主教徒的區別而選擇不在周五食用魚肉，一度出現新教徒不吃魚肉的現象，不吃魚肉也一度成為忠於英國國教聖公宗的象徵。英國諺語「He eats no fish and plays the game」（直譯意為「他不吃魚而且玩遊戲」）意為「他忠誠而守規矩」^[12]。但在1563年英國女王伊利沙伯一世在位時期，為促進漁業的發展、使肉類的價格得到控制，法律又規定周三、周五和周六必須吃魚而不能吃其他肉類（但小牛肉、野味、禽肉不在限制之列）^[13]^[14]。

因天主教徒在周五禁食熱血肉類，麥當勞為應對周五漢堡銷量的下滑，在1962年推出只含魚肉而無其他肉類的產品麥香魚^[15]。

參見

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Concerning Fasting on Wednesday and Friday （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Orthodox Christian Information Center. Accessed 2010-10-08.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Crowther, Jonathan. A Portraiture of Methodism: Or, The History of the Wesleyan Methodists. T. Blanshard. 1815: 251, 257 （英語）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Beard, Steve. The spiritual discipline of fasting. United Methodist Church. 2012-01-30. |newspaper=被忽略 (幫助)
^ 中山大学史学集刊. 廣東人民出版社. : 135.
^ Gerard E. Mullin; Lawrence J. Cheskin; Laura E. Matarese. Integrative Weight Management: A Guide for Clinicians. Springer Science & Business. 2014: 454. ISBN 978-1-4939-0548-5.
^ Pamela Goyan Kittler; Kathryn P. Sucher; Marcia Nelms. Food and Culture. Cengage Learning. 2011-08-22: 88. ISBN 0-538-73497-3.
^ McKnight, Scot. Fasting: The Ancient Practices. Thomas Nelson. 2010: 88. ISBN 9781418576134 （英語）. John Wesley, in his Journal, wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.'
^ Synan, Vinson. The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1997-08-25: 24. ISBN 9780802841032 （英語）.
^ Smith, Larry D. Progressive Sanctification (PDF). God's Revivalist and Bible Advocate (God's Bible School and College). September 2008, 120 (6) [2019-03-30]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-07-10）（英語）.
^ Tables and Rules for the Movable and Immovable Feasts,Together with the Days of Fasting and Abstinence, through the Whole Year （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, p. 3 of 6. The 1928 U.S. Book of Common Prayer. Accessed 2009-04-09.
^ 謝覺民. 人文地理学. 中國友誼出版公司. 1991: 87.
^ 二十世纪现代汉语语法论文精选. 商務印書館. 2005: 26. ISBN 978-7-100-04142-3.
^ Liza Picard. Food in Elizabethan England. British Library. [2019-03-30]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-01）.
^ Shakespeare: The strange way people looked at food in the 16th Century. BBC. [2019-03-30]. （原始內容存檔於2017-04-03）.
^ Carl J. Schramm. Burn the Business Plan: What Great Entrepreneurs Really Do. Simon and Schuster. 2019-01-08: 150. ISBN 978-1-4767-9437-2.

[OrInf-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Concerning Fasting on Wednesday and Friday （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Orthodox Christian Information Center. Accessed 2010-10-08.

[Crowther1815-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Crowther, Jonathan. A Portraiture of Methodism: Or, The History of the Wesleyan Methodists. T. Blanshard. 1815: 251, 257 （英語）.

[Beard-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Beard, Steve. The spiritual discipline of fasting. United Methodist Church. 2012-01-30. |newspaper=被忽略 (幫助)

[4] 中山大学史学集刊. 廣東人民出版社. : 135.

[MullinCheskin2014-5] Gerard E. Mullin; Lawrence J. Cheskin; Laura E. Matarese. Integrative Weight Management: A Guide for Clinicians. Springer Science & Business. 2014: 454. ISBN 978-1-4939-0548-5.

[KittlerSucher2011-6] Pamela Goyan Kittler; Kathryn P. Sucher; Marcia Nelms. Food and Culture. Cengage Learning. 2011-08-22: 88. ISBN 0-538-73497-3.

[McKnight2010-7] McKnight, Scot. Fasting: The Ancient Practices. Thomas Nelson. 2010: 88. ISBN 9781418576134 （英語）. John Wesley, in his Journal, wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.'

[Synan1997-8] Synan, Vinson. The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1997-08-25: 24. ISBN 9780802841032 （英語）.

[Smith2008-9] Smith, Larry D. Progressive Sanctification (PDF). God's Revivalist and Bible Advocate (God's Bible School and College). September 2008, 120 (6) [2019-03-30]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-07-10）（英語）.

[10] Tables and Rules for the Movable and Immovable Feasts,Together with the Days of Fasting and Abstinence, through the Whole Year （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, p. 3 of 6. The 1928 U.S. Book of Common Prayer. Accessed 2009-04-09.

[谢觉民1991-11] 謝覺民. 人文地理学. 中國友誼出版公司. 1991: 87.

[12] 二十世纪现代汉语语法论文精选. 商務印書館. 2005: 26. ISBN 978-7-100-04142-3.

[13] Liza Picard. Food in Elizabethan England. British Library. [2019-03-30]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-01）.

[14] Shakespeare: The strange way people looked at food in the 16th Century. BBC. [2019-03-30]. （原始內容存檔於2017-04-03）.

[Schramm2019-15] Carl J. Schramm. Burn the Business Plan: What Great Entrepreneurs Really Do. Simon and Schuster. 2019-01-08: 150. ISBN 978-1-4767-9437-2.

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