西班牙征服尤卡坦
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西班牙征服尤卡坦指西班牙帝國於尤卡坦半島進行的一系列殖民戰爭,其中最主要的敵人是瑪雅文明。西班牙對瑪雅地區的征服持續了較長的時間。
征服之前的早期接觸
[編輯]瑪雅人最早直接接觸到西班牙人是在1511年,一艘西班牙船隻遇海難,十來個西班牙人漂流到了尤卡坦半島東部,被當地瑪雅王國發現。其中一些人被當場抓去獻祭了。最後剩下兩個人活下來,一個是格羅尼莫·德阿奎拉,一個是岡薩羅·格雷羅。前者在1519年科特斯進入尤卡坦時當了西班牙人翻譯,後者則有幸成為尤卡坦東部切圖馬爾王國的將軍,並娶了瑪雅人為妻,生下了墨西哥史上最早的印歐混血人(所以他現在還被紀念着)。
1517年的時候法蘭西斯克·埃爾南德斯·德·哥多華從古巴出發航行到尤卡坦,發現海岸上有一些石頭壘砌的城堡。他們一開始跟這些瑪雅城邦進行了交易,後來還是發生了衝突,他們被趕走了。不過他們向外面的西班牙人報道了尤卡坦的情況,這也引起了後來的科特斯遠征。
伴隨西班牙人而來的,還有舊大陸的一系列烈性傳染疾病,例如天花、黃熱病等等。根據現代的估測,在16世紀20至30年代,整個瑪雅地區由於傳染病造成的的人口損失高達75%至90%。這在相當大的程度上削弱了瑪雅文明的經濟以及戰鬥力。
征服過程
[編輯]1519年科特斯在尤卡坦登陸,不過沒有什麼大動作,而是徑直去了阿茲特克並在兩年後徹底擊敗阿茲特克帝國。直到1527年科特斯才把注意力轉移到尤卡坦,派手下法蘭西斯克·蒙特霍去征服那裏。這一次瑪雅人表面上同意臣服,不過用計打敗了西班牙軍隊。
1531年蒙特霍又去了,這一回採用分化瓦解的方式,先設法跟瑪雅海岸城市坎佩切結盟,然後派出軍隊深入腹地。瑪雅人再施舊計,首先表示臣服,然後各地都進行大規模反抗,於1535年成功將西班牙勢力逐出尤卡坦。這一次反抗中瑪雅切圖馬爾王國的西班牙人將軍格雷羅很有可能參與了戰鬥並犧牲,因為有記載說西班牙人發現守城的死者中有一個白人。
1540年,老蒙特霍把軍權交給自己的兒子。這年小蒙特霍帶了大軍進入尤卡坦,征服了西尤卡坦的盟主休瑪雅,並在1542年在現在的梅里達市設置了首府。休瑪雅的國王皈依了天主教,成為了西班牙的傀儡。小蒙特霍利用強大的休瑪雅軍隊向尤卡坦東部推進,用了4年時間基本上佔領了整個瑪雅地區,在1546年除了現危地馬拉北部的密林地區外,整個尤卡坦均掌握在了西班牙人手中。
佔領貝登湖
[編輯]危地馬拉北部的熱帶叢林中有一個貝登湖,湖中有一個島,島上的城市塔亞薩爾是當時伊察瑪雅的首都。西班牙人其實一直知道這個國家的存在(科特斯在1525年去洪都拉斯的途中經過這裏,當時伊察國王表示了臣服),但是由於地理及氣候等等因素一直沒有去征服她,只是偶爾派一些傳教士去試圖傳教,雖然都沒有成功,不過也留下了一些記載,讓我們了解了這個國家的情況。它保留着古老的信仰(不過加入了少許新的元素,比如科特斯騎的白馬也成了一個神靈),有大量抄本流傳,傳統的瑪雅文化在這裏得到了旺盛的生命力。
1622年,尤卡坦總督派出一小支部隊去騷擾伊察王國,不幸全軍覆沒。1624年總督又派了一支軍隊,不過仍然慘敗。於是總督覺得還是用兵去鎮守已經控制的地區更划算,因為這些地區的瑪雅人一直未停止過反抗。
1695年,西班牙方濟各會派了三名傳教士和四個皈依天主教的瑪雅歌手前往伊察王國。他們得到了款待,也收穫了一些信徒。不過伊察國王本人拒絕加入天主教;他說等時機成熟的時候自己會考慮的,不過現在不是時間。於是第二年伊察王國就遭到了西班牙人和他們的瑪雅同盟的進攻。這一次伊察王國仍舊成功地進行了抵抗。
梅里達的西班牙指揮官這才意識到伊察王國不是個輕易就能打敗的對手,於是在1697年決定派出由235名西班牙士兵加上數萬名瑪雅軍隊組成的大軍,浩浩蕩蕩進入雨林。他們擁有一個長距離的補給線,並在貝登湖畔建立了一個要塞。最終在同年3月13日,西班牙人攻陷伊察瑪雅首都塔亞薩爾。
西班牙人在塔亞薩爾焚燒了瑪雅圖書館,花了整整一天時間砸毀了瑪雅人神廟中的所有偶像。這樣古瑪雅文明的最後一個據點被毀滅,西班牙勢力成功佔領整個尤卡坦。
相關條目
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