鎬嘴秧雞

鎬嘴秧雞; 化石時期：中新世–全新世 19–0.005 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	北島鎬嘴秧雞骨骼，坎特伯雷博物館
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	鶴形目 Gruiformes
科：	†鎬嘴秧雞科 Aptornithidae; Mantell, 1848
屬：	†鎬嘴秧雞屬 Aptornis; Owen, 1844
物種
	†北島鎬嘴秧雞 Aptornis otidiformis ; Owen 1844; †南島鎬嘴秧雞 Aptornis defossor ; Owen 1871; ?†原鎬嘴秧雞 Aptornis proasciarostratus ; Worthy 2011;
異名
	Apterornis; Dinornis otidiformis;

鎬嘴秧雞屬（學名：Aptornis）是一個已滅絕的屬，其下有兩種關係較近的鳥類，北島鎬嘴秧雞（Aptornis otidiformis）和南島鎬嘴秧雞（Aptornis defossor），這兩個物種均在人類到達後滅絕；其下還有一個發現於中新世的化石種，原鎬嘴秧雞（Aptornis proasciarostratus），^[1]三個物種都只發現於新西蘭。

分類

目前研究人員將鎬嘴秧雞視為鶴形目的成員。此外，還有研究建議將其視為雞雁小綱的近親。^[2]當其第一次被發現時，這種鳥被視為尤其是小型恐鳥的古顎類。還有形態學和DNA測序研究將其視為鷺鶴^[3] 或喇叭鳥^[4]或近或遠的近親。而現在通常認為，鎬嘴秧雞與鷺鶴的相似屬於趨同演化，而鷺鶴實際上是日鳽的近親，兩者與鶴形目的關係並不算太近。^[5]^[6]

一項2011年的基因研究指出南島鎬嘴秧雞應當屬於鶴形目，雖然北島鎬嘴秧雞目前沒有合適的DNA材料，但這兩種鳥類之間的關係顯然相當之近。^[7]

2019年的兩份研究更深一步的探討了鎬嘴秧雞在鶴形目中的確切地位。 Boast等人通過對其幾乎完整的線粒體DNA的分析指出，鎬嘴秧雞應當是侏秧雞科的近親。^[8]不久之後，Musser和Cracraft的基於形態學和分子數據的研究卻指出鎬嘴秧雞應當是喇叭鳥科的近親。^[4]作者考量了Boast等人的數據，發現支持鎬嘴秧雞是侏秧雞近親會比支持鎬嘴秧雞是喇叭鳥近親多出18個步驟。

描述

鎬嘴秧雞長約80厘米，重約18千克，大小與小型恐鳥相似。鎬嘴秧雞有尖銳的，下彎的喙，還有強壯的雙腿。^[9]它們不會飛行，下翅膀甚至比等體型的渡渡鳥還小，此外相較於其他不飛鳥類，鎬嘴秧雞的腕掌骨有着更明顯的縮短。^[10]

兩種鎬嘴秧雞體型差距較大，北島鎬嘴秧雞相對南島鎬嘴秧雞鰩更小；此外，鎬嘴秧雞的活體顏色我們尚且無法得知。

棲息地與行為

化石顯示，鎬嘴秧雞分佈於新西蘭乾旱的低地上。描述了這兩個物種的Richard Owen認為鎬嘴秧雞應該是雜食動物，而骨骼同位素分析則證實了這一點。通過將北島鎬嘴秧雞與恐鳥、芬施鬃林鴨和諸如裸鼻鴟的食蟲動物的骨骼中¹³C與¹⁵N的富集程度進行對比，研究人員發現鎬嘴秧雞的營養級比食蟲動物更高。 ^[11]這說明鎬嘴秧雞會捕食大型無脊椎動物，蜥蜴，喙頭蜥甚至小型鳥類。

滅絕

鎬嘴秧雞的分佈遠沒有恐鳥廣泛，但仍和其他大型鳥類一樣受到波利尼西亞人的捕殺，同時與波利尼西亞人隨行的波利尼西亞鼠和家犬也對鎬嘴秧雞的生存產生了巨大威脅。鎬嘴秧雞在歐洲人到來之前便已經滅絕。

參考文獻

Fain Matthew G., Houde Peter. Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds. Evolution. 2004, 58 (11): 2558–2573. PMID 15612298. S2CID 1296408. doi:10.1554/04-235.
Livezey Bradley C. The carpometacarpus of Apterornis (PDF). Notornis. 1994, 41 (1): 51–60. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-10-26）.
Weber Erich, Hesse Angelika. The systematic position of Aptornis, a flightless bird from New Zealand. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 1995, 181: 292–301.
Worthy Trevor H. The glossohyal and thyroid bone of Aptornis otidiformes (PDF). Notornis. 1989, 36 (3): 248. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-10-30）.
Worthy, Trevor H., & Holdaway, Richard N.（2002） The Lost World of the Moa, Indiana University Press:Bloomington, ISBN 0-253-34034-9
North Island Adzebill. Aptornis otidiformis. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
South Island Adzebill. Aptornis defossor. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006

腳註

^ Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul. Fossils reveal an early Miocene presence of the aberrant gruiform Aves: Aptornithidae in New Zealand. Journal of Ornithology. 2011, 152 (3): 669–680. S2CID 37555861. doi:10.1007/s10336-011-0649-6.
^ Weber Erich, Hesse Angelika. The systematic position of Aptornis, a flightless bird from New Zealand. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 1995, 181: 292–301.
^ Cracraft, J.L. (1982) Phylogenetic relationships and transantarctic biogeography of some gruiform birds. Geobios 6: 393–402.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Grace M. Musser; Joel Cracraft. A new morphological dataset reveals a novel relationship for the adzebills of New Zealand (Aptornis) and provides a foundation for total evidence neoavian phylogenetics (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 2019, (3927): 1–70. S2CID 155704891. doi:10.1206/3927.1. hdl:2246/6937.
^ Prum, R.O.; et al. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature. 2015, 526 (7574): 569–573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158. doi:10.1038/nature15697.
^ H Kuhl, C Frankl-Vilches, A Bakker, G Mayr, G Nikolaus, S T Boerno, S Klages, B Timmermann, M Gahr (2020) An unbiased molecular approach using 3』UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Molecular Biology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ Lanfear, R.; Bromham, L. Estimating phylogenies for species assemblages: A complete phylogeny for the past and present native birds of New Zealand. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2011, 61 (3): 958–963. PMID 21835254. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.018.
^ Alexander P. Boast; Brendan Chapman; Michael B. Herrera; Trevor H. Worthy; R. Paul Scofield; Alan J. D. Tennyson; Peter Houde; Michael Bunce; Alan Cooper; Kieren J. Mitchell. Mitochondrial genomes from New Zealand's extinct adzebills (Aves: Aptornithidae: Aptornis) support a sister-taxon relationship with the Afro-Madagascan Sarothruridae. Diversity. 2019, 11 (2): Article 24. doi:10.3390/d11020024 .
^ South Island adzebill | New Zealand Birds Online. [2023-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-10）.
^ Livezey Bradley C. The carpometacarpus of Apterornis (PDF). Notornis. 1994, 41 (1): 51–60. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-10-26）.
^ Worthy, T. H., Richard N. Holdaway (2002):p. 212

[1] Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul. Fossils reveal an early Miocene presence of the aberrant gruiform Aves: Aptornithidae in New Zealand. Journal of Ornithology. 2011, 152 (3): 669–680. S2CID 37555861. doi:10.1007/s10336-011-0649-6.

[2] Weber Erich, Hesse Angelika. The systematic position of Aptornis, a flightless bird from New Zealand. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 1995, 181: 292–301.

[3] Cracraft, J.L. (1982) Phylogenetic relationships and transantarctic biogeography of some gruiform birds. Geobios 6: 393–402.

[musser&cracraft-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Grace M. Musser; Joel Cracraft. A new morphological dataset reveals a novel relationship for the adzebills of New Zealand (Aptornis) and provides a foundation for total evidence neoavian phylogenetics (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 2019, (3927): 1–70. S2CID 155704891. doi:10.1206/3927.1. hdl:2246/6937.

[Prum2015-5] Prum, R.O.; et al. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature. 2015, 526 (7574): 569–573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158. doi:10.1038/nature15697.

[6] H Kuhl, C Frankl-Vilches, A Bakker, G Mayr, G Nikolaus, S T Boerno, S Klages, B Timmermann, M Gahr (2020) An unbiased molecular approach using 3』UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Molecular Biology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[7] Lanfear, R.; Bromham, L. Estimating phylogenies for species assemblages: A complete phylogeny for the past and present native birds of New Zealand. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2011, 61 (3): 958–963. PMID 21835254. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.018.

[8] Alexander P. Boast; Brendan Chapman; Michael B. Herrera; Trevor H. Worthy; R. Paul Scofield; Alan J. D. Tennyson; Peter Houde; Michael Bunce; Alan Cooper; Kieren J. Mitchell. Mitochondrial genomes from New Zealand's extinct adzebills (Aves: Aptornithidae: Aptornis) support a sister-taxon relationship with the Afro-Madagascan Sarothruridae. Diversity. 2019, 11 (2): Article 24. doi:10.3390/d11020024 .

[9] South Island adzebill | New Zealand Birds Online. [2023-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-10）.

[10] Livezey Bradley C. The carpometacarpus of Apterornis (PDF). Notornis. 1994, 41 (1): 51–60. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-10-26）.

[11] Worthy, T. H., Richard N. Holdaway (2002):p. 212

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