用戶:Park1996/沙盒/安娜米·保羅

維基百科，自由的百科全書
安娜米·保羅
2020年的保羅
加拿大綠黨黨魁
任期
2020年10月3日—2021年11月14日[1]
前任喬安·羅伯斯（英語：Jo-Ann Roberts） (臨時)
繼任阿米塔·庫特納 (臨時)
個人資料
出生 (1972-11-03) 1972年11月3日（51歲）
加拿大安大略省多倫多
政黨加拿大綠黨 (至2021年)
配偶馬克·弗里曼（1996年結婚）
親屬恩戈齊·保羅（英語：Ngozi Paul）（妹妹）
母校

安娜米·保羅（英語：Annamie Paul，1972年11月3日—）[2]是一位加拿大活動家、律師和曾在2020年至2021年擔任加拿大綠黨黨魁的政客。她是第一位獲選擔任聯邦政黨黨魁的非洲裔猶太加拿大女性。[a]

保羅創立了加拿大政治領導力中心並於2001年至2005年出任執行主任。她的主要工作方向是在公民參與和國際事務上，包括加拿大駐歐盟使團（英語：Mission of Canada to the European Union）和國際刑事法院檢察官辦公室的政治事務。[3][4][5][6] 她亦共同創建了巴塞隆拿國際公共政策中心（英語：Barcelona International Public Policy Hub）。[7]

保羅於2019年加拿大聯邦大選中於多倫多中心選區（英語：Toronto Centre）落選，並在之後的2020加拿大綠黨黨魁選舉（英語：2020 Green Party of Canada leadership election）獲選黨魁，接任伊利沙伯·梅伊。[5][8]保羅之後於因比爾·門諾（英語：Bill Morneau）辭職所觸發的於2020年10月26日舉行的2020多倫多中心聯邦補選（英語：2020 Toronto Centre federal by-election）中參選，[9]並被自由黨候選人馬西·依安（英語：Marci Ien）所擊敗。[10]這使她成為了加拿大於加拿大下議院有席位的政黨里唯一一個不是國會議員的黨魁。保羅之後決定在2021年加拿大聯邦大選中繼續參選多倫多中心選區，然而依舊被依安擊敗。[11][12][13]於2021年6月前綠黨國會議員詹尼卡·阿特溫（英語：Jenica Atwin）退出綠黨並加入自由黨之後，保羅的領導力遭到了爭議和質疑。

於2021年加拿大聯邦大選中，保羅領導下的綠黨保持了兩個席位，但她仍然在所參選的多倫多中心選區（英語：Toronto Centre）被擊敗。在大選的一周後，她於2021年9月27日開始了辭任黨魁的流程並於2021年11月10日遞交辭職書。[14][15]於2021年11月14日，綠黨的聯邦委員會正式接受了她的辭職申請並確認她已不再是黨魁。[1]

背景[編輯]

保羅自很小的時候開始就參與政治。她12歲的時候在安大略省議會，並在其後在加拿大上議院作為議會助理（英語：Page (assistance occupation)）工作。她也之後作為政治中立的實習生參與安大略省議會實習項目。她於1996年先後在進步保守黨和自由黨的辦公室任職。[16][17]她於多倫多朗尼邁德學院（英語：Runnymede Collegiate Institute）完成高中教育，並於之後在渥太華大學獲得法學士學位及在普林斯頓大學獲得公共事務碩士學位。[18][16][19]她於1998年於安大略省獲得律師資格。[20]

保羅是加拿大演員恩戈齊·保羅（英語：恩戈齐·保罗）的姐姐，她亦有一位雙胞胎兄弟路德。她和國際人權律師馬克·弗里曼結婚。[20]保羅的母親來自尼維斯島而她的父親來自多米尼克。[21]保羅的父親於2020年5月29日因膀胱感染於一家長期護理機構逝世。[22]保羅於2000年加入了她丈夫的猶太教信仰。[23]她會說英語、法語、加泰羅尼亞語和西班牙語。[6]

社會活動[編輯]

保羅於2001年創立了由綠色回聲基金會的獎學金所供款和梅特里基金會所支持的的加拿大政治領導力中心。[24][25]該組織致力於幫助女性、原住民人士和有色人種競選公職。[20][26] Through the CCPL, Paul ran training sessions across Canada,[27] as well as conferences devoted to participation in elected roles and board appointments.[28][29] Participants in the CCPL's programs went on to achieve those objectives, being appointed and elected to boards and political staff positions.[28]

In 2017, Paul co-founded the Barcelona International Public Policy Hub (BIPP HUB), a social enterprise co-work space designed to be a catalyst for international NGOs working on global challenges.[30][31][32] Aside from providing support, the hub also hosts individual projects including democraciaAbierta, the Spanish language branch of OpenDemocracy,[33] Verificat, a Catalan language news fact-checking service, and the Climate Infrastructure Project.[34]

In 2019, Paul co-created the 1834 Fellowship to train young Black Canadian policy leaders, a project of Operation Black Vote Canada.[35]

Early political career (1996–2020)[編輯]

Paul interned for Liberal MPP Dominic Agostino in 1996, who served as Gerard Kennedy's leadership campaign co-chair. She stated she interned for him to see what a leadership campaign looked like.[36]

Paul with Green Party supporters, several weeks prior to the 2019 Canadian federal election

Paul moved back to Canada from Barcelona in 2019 and won the Green nomination for Toronto Centre in July 2019. She stood in the 2019 federal election as the Green Party candidate in Toronto Centre, where she lost to then-Finance Minister Bill Morneau.[37][38][39] Soon after her nomination, she was appointed to the Green Party's Shadow Cabinet as International Affairs Critic by Elizabeth May, a position she held until February 2020, when she stepped down to enter the leadership race.[40][5]

In March 2020, she was the first candidate registered to run in the race to be the 9th leader of the Green Party of Canada.[41] She called the leadership race, the first one since 2006, an "opportunity for renewal" for the party.[37] Elizabeth May offered to step aside to allow Paul to run in Saanich—Gulf Islands.[42] On September 24, 2020, Paul announced that she had received permission from the Green Party to apply to be a candidate in the October 2020 federal by-election in Toronto Centre.[9]

Leadership of the Green Party of Canada (2020–2021)[編輯]

參見：2020 Green Party of Canada leadership election

On October 3, 2020, Paul was elected leader of the Green Party of Canada, becoming the first Black Canadian and first Jewish woman to be elected leader of a major political party in Canada.[5][43][44][45] She won 54.53 per cent of votes on the final round of voting, defeating runner-up Dimitri Lascaris and six other candidates. Paul has been described as a centrist.[46][47]

On October 26, Paul placed second in the Toronto Centre by-election, increasing her proportion of the vote by just over 25 per cent from the 2019 race.[48] In January 2021, it was reported that Paul had decided to run in an Ontario riding during the next federal election, and was considering Guelph or a Toronto electoral district.[49][12] About two weeks later, it was confirmed that Paul intended to run again in Toronto Centre.[11][13]

Controversy[編輯]

Noah Zatzman statement and subsequent MP floor crossing[編輯]

Controversy erupted soon after a statement was published on the Party website on May 10, 2021 to call for de-escalation of violence in the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis and a return to dialogue; it quoted Paul as urging restraint and calling on those in authority to try to prevent further injury or loss of life.[50] Green MP Jenica Atwin responded with a statement describing Paul's quotation as "totally inadequate"; Atwin mentioned the official Party policy[51] on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict of expecting MPs to oppose illegal settlements and the siege of Gaza.[52]

Paul's senior advisor Noah Zatzman called out several MPs including Atwin in a May 14 Facebook post, calling their statements regarding the crisis "appalling" and antisemitic, and saying,

We will work to defeat you and bring in progressive climate champions who are antifa and pro-LGBT and pro Indigenous sovereignty and Zionists!!!![53][54]

While Party insiders called on Paul to denounce Zatzman's attack, and called on the Party to remove Zatzman from his position, Paul instead described the situation as a "difference of opinion",[55] and also called for "solidarity to condemn anti-Semitism".[56] Other prominent members of the Party, including former leadership candidate Dimitri Lascaris, indicated that criticism of the statement quoting Paul was expressed by Atwin and others because it did not reflect the Party policy, which was adopted in 2016 with over 90% support, and expressed astonishment that Paul did not jump to defend MPs or repudiate Noah Zatzman's remarks, when she herself stated that she does not believe that the MPs are antisemitic.[57]

Atwin subsequently crossed the floor and joined the Liberal Party on June 10, citing lack of support from Paul's leadership after Zatzman's threat to defeat her.[58] Paul disagreed with this account and claimed the events had nothing to do with Zatzman or her;[59] however, the remaining Green MPs, Elizabeth May and Paul Manly, issued a statement stating "Unfortunately, the attack against Ms. Atwin by the Green Party leader's chief spokesperson on May 14th created the conditions that led to this crisis."[60] On June 4, the Green Party executive voted not to renew Zatzman's contract, while the Green Party of Quebec released a statement saying it would be "difficult ... to fully collaborate with Ms. Paul and her staff" after Zatzman's comments.[55] David Suzuki stated that he believes that a strength of the Green Party was that MPs were allowed to express a "diversity of opinion," but Annamie Paul "has totally destroyed that one thing."[61]

Federal council response[編輯]

On June 15, the Green Party launched the process that could remove Paul from leadership on July 15.[62] The federal council passed a motion requiring Paul to denounce Zatzman and support the federal caucus, under threat of a vote of non-confidence on July 20.[63] Paul claimed later in June that the federal council had decided to call off the vote,[64] but in a Party town hall on June 30, interim president Liana Cusmano confirmed that this is not the case.[65]

In July 2021, the Party's interim executive director kicked off a process to review Paul's membership, a process that is automatically triggered under the Party's code of conduct when a member triggers a legal action against the Party.[66]

On July 19, Paul announced in a press conference that the non-confidence vote and membership review would not take place under the currently elected council; the council body is poised to turn over to a newly elected council on August 20.[67] On July 21, the Party and the Green Party of Canada Fund filed an application with the Ontario Superior Court arguing that an arbitrator exceeded authority in setting aside a non-confidence vote and membership review because Paul's contract was not with the Party's federal council, but with the Green Party of Canada Fund.[68] The Party president also disputed a claim by Paul that she cannot speak publicly about why the non-confidence vote and membership review were put on hold.[68]

Accusations of racism, sexism, and antisemitism[編輯]

Paul slammed a letter[69] that was written by several councilors and presented at the June 15 council meeting that initially discussed the non-confidence vote, and stated that the letter included a "list of allegations: allegations that were so racist, so sexist that they were immediately disavowed by both of our MPs as offensive and inflammatory and contrary to party ethics, and I thank our MPs for that".[70] Paul further characterized Justin Trudeau as not being a feminist for what Paul alleges is an undermining of her leadership.[71] Paul also accused Chrystia Freeland of being a "female shield" to the Prime Minister, to which Freeland responded: "I am not a token, nor would I ever accuse another woman politician of being some man's token – that is not how a feminist treats another woman."[72]

Former leadership candidate Dimitri Lascaris criticized the party for having the lowest proportion of racialized candidates in previous elections and for issues with institutional racism existing within the Party; Lascaris further stated that there is also a legitimate critique of Paul's leadership, and that identifying the genuine racism that exists in the Party and distinguishing it from genuine criticism is "a very difficult and painful exercise".[57] Former leadership candidate and astrophysicist Amita Kuttner stated that they have experienced first-hand racism, misogyny, transphobia and homophobia within the Party, and that it's a real challenge for the Party, and also stated that there is legitimate criticism of Paul's leadership and handling of the matter that resulted in Atwin's caucus exit.[57]

On July 20, Paul accused the federal government of antisemitism for not inviting her to an antisemitism summit.[73] The federal government has stated that federal opposition leaders including Paul were invited, but as observers, "to ensure the summit remain a safe space where community members can express their opinions and ideas".[74]

Candidate nomination issues[編輯]

In June 2021, Judy N. Green, co-president of the Green Party of Nova Scotia[75] and 2020 Green Party leadership candidate, stated that a decision was made by Paul and her Chief of Staff to block Party members in the West Nova federal riding from considering Green for nomination in the upcoming federal election;[76] Green was previously nominated as the West Nova candidate in 2019.[77]

On June 19, Lisa Gunderson withdrew from the party nomination contest for the Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke federal riding, stating that "recent events are not consistent with Green values."[78][79]

Party financial issues[編輯]

On July 13, Green Party executives moved to block funding for Paul's Toronto Centre riding campaign, a move that was preceded by layoffs of about half of the Party's staff; a report indicated that Party spending exceeded revenues.[80][81] Hundreds of thousands of dollars are expected to be expended by the Party on legal battles with Paul.[82]

Resignation and departure from the Green Party[編輯]

Paul announced her pending resignation as Green party leader on September 27, 2021.[83]

As Paul's resignation had not taken effect due to prolonged negotiations on a settlement of outstanding financial issues, an automatic leadership vote of all party members commenced in October and was to conclude on November 25, 2021.[84] On November 10, 2021, as voting in the review was ongoing, Paul officially submitted her resignation and also ended her membership within the party.[14][15] Her resignation as leader took effect on November 14, 2021, when it was officially accepted by the party's federal council.[1][85]

In late November 2021, the party released a report indicating that it was threatened with insolvency, and was considering closing its office in Ottawa.[86] The party had lost 499 monthly donors since July 2021, and 6,259 members in the same time.[86] The report blamed negotiations concerning Paul's departure as leader of the party for significant legal costs.[86]

Awards and fellowships[編輯]

Paul is an Action Canada Fellow,[17][87] Echoing Green Fellow,[20] member of the University of Ottawa Common Law Honour Society,[88] alumna of the Government of Canada Recruitment of Policy Leaders Program,[89] and a recipient of the Harry Jerome Award.[90]

Electoral record[編輯]

Template:Canadian federal election, 2021/Toronto Centre Template:Canadian federal by-election, October 26, 2020/Toronto Centre

2020 Green Party of Canada leadership election results by round[91]
Candidate 1st round 2nd round 3rd round 4th round 5th round 6th round 7th round 8th round
Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast %
Annamie Paul 6,242 26.14% 6,242 26.16% 6,305 26.24% 6,478 27.23% 6,952 29.44% 7,614 32.52% 8,862 38.52% 12,090 54.53%
Dimitri Lascaris 5,768 24.15% 5,773 24.20% 5,813 24.40% 6,586 27.69% 7,050 29.86% 7,551 32.25% 8,340 36.22% 10,081 45.47%
Courtney Howard 3,285 13.76% 3,285 13.77% 3,348 14.05% 3,404 14.31% 3,762 15.93% 4,523 19.32% 5,824 25.29% Eliminated
Glen Murray 2,745 11.50% 2,746 11.51% 2,821 11.84% 2,846 11.96% 2,992 12.67% 3,725 15.91% Eliminated
David Merner 2,636 11.04% 2,636 11.05% 2,697 11.32% 2,727 11.46% 2,856 12.10% Eliminated
Amita Kuttner 1,468 6.15% 1,470 6.16% 1,486 6.24% 1,748 7.35% Eliminated
Meryam Haddad 1,345 5.63% 1,346 5.64% 1,358 5.70% Eliminated
Andrew West 352 1.47% 356 1.49% Eliminated
None Of The Above 36 0.15% Eliminated
Total 23,877 100% 23,854 100% 23,828 100% 23,788 100% 23,612 100% 23,413 100% 23,026 100% 22,171 100%

Template:Canadian federal election, 2019/Toronto Centre

Notes[編輯]

  1. ^ 薇薇安·巴爾博（法語：Vivian_Barbot）是第一位出任加拿大聯邦政黨（魁北克人團）黨魁的少數族裔和非洲裔人士，然而她是以臨時黨魁身份被提名出任該項職務，而非獲選擔任。

References[編輯]

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