人智学

人智学（英语：Anthroposophy；德语：Anthroposophie）是由神秘主义者鲁道夫·施泰纳^[1]在20世纪初创立的哲学，假设存在一个客观的、智力上可理解的灵性世界，可供人类体验。该学说的追随者旨在透过一种独立于感官体验的思维模式进行灵性探索。^[2]^[3]他们还旨在以一种可透过理性话语验证的方式表达他们的想法，并在研究灵性世界时寻求与研究物理世界的科学家所获得的精确度和清晰度相当。

人智学起源于德国唯心主义和神秘主义哲学。^[4]施泰纳选择了人智学这个词（来自 anthropo-，人类，和 sophia，智慧）来强调他的哲学的人文主义取向。^[2]^[5] 他将其定义为“对灵性世界的科学探索”^[6]，其他人又称其为“哲学和文化运动”^[7]、“灵性运动”^[8]、“灵性科学”^[9]或“一个思想体系”（英语：a system of thought）^[10]等。人智学思想已被用于许多领域的替代运动，包括教育（在华德福学校和坎普希尔运动（英语：Camphill Movement）中）、农业（生物动力农法）、医学、银行、组织发展和艺术。^[2]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

然而，许多科学家和医师等批评了人智学的应用在医学、生物学、农业和教育领域是危险的和伪科学的。^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] 施泰纳的一些观点偏离了现代科学，包括：“种族”进化（参见社会达尔文主义与种族主义）^[19]^[20]、“透视”（或作灵视，施泰纳声称自己有该方面的能力）^[21]和亚特兰蒂斯的神话^[22]。

参考资料[编辑]

^ Anthroposophy 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-02-08., Encyclopedia Britannica online. "Anthroposophy, philosophy based on the premise that the human intellect has the ability to contact spiritual worlds. It was formulated by Rudolf Steiner (q.v.), an Austrian philosopher, scientist, and artist, who postulated the existence of a spiritual world comprehensible to pure thought but fully accessible only to the faculties of knowledge latent in all humans."
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Robert McDermott, The Essential Steiner, ISBN 0-06-065345-0, pp. 3–11, 392–5
^ "Anthroposophy" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica online, accessed 10/09/07
^ Christian Clement (ed.), Rudolf Steiner: Schriften über Mystik, Mysterienwesen und Religionsgeschichte. Frommann-holzboog Verlag, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 2013. ISBN 978-3-7728-2635-1. p. xlii
^ Rudolf Steiner, Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy, Anthroposophic Press 1995 ISBN 0880103876
^ Steiner, Rudolf. Philosophie und Anthroposophie: Gesammelte Aufsätze, 1904-1918. Verlag der Rudolf Steiner-Nachlassverwaltung. 1965 [2021-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）（德语）.
^ Handbook of new religions and cultural production. Carole M. Cusack, Alex Norman. Leiden: BRILL. 2012 [2021-02-17]. ISBN 978-90-04-22648-7. OCLC 794328527. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）.
^ Phillips, D. C. Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy. SAGE Publications. 2014-05-19: 847 [2021-04-10]. ISBN 978-1-4833-6475-9. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）（英语）.
^ Steiner, Rudolf. What is anthroposophy? : three perspectives on self-knowledge. Christopher Bamford. Great Barrington, MA: Anthroposophic Press. 2002 [2021-02-17]. ISBN 0-88010-506-2. OCLC 49531507. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）.
^ Weiner, Irving B.; Craighead, W. Edward. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons. 2010-01-19: 86 [2021-04-10]. ISBN 978-0-470-17025-0. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）（英语）.
^ Carlo Willmann, Waldorfpädagogik: Theologische und religionspädagogische Befunde, ISBN 3-412-16700-2, Chap. 1
^ Heiner Ullrich, "Rudolf Steiner" 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2015-09-24., Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIV, no. 3/4, 1994, p. 555–572.
^ Peter Schneider, Einführung in die Waldorfpädogogik, ISBN 3-608-93006-X
^ Ullrich, Heiner. Rudolf Steiner: Leben und Lehre. Munich: C. H. Beck. 2010: 9.
^ The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. 2002: 31– [2016-10-17]. ISBN 9781576076538. （原始内容存档于2016-12-24）.
^ Ruse, Michael. The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet. University of Chicago Press. 2013-09-25: 128– [21 June 2015]. ISBN 9780226060392.
^ Schools of pseudoscience pose a serious threat to education | letters. The Guardian. 12 May 2012 [29 November 2018]. （原始内容存档于10 September 2017）（英语）.
^ Gorski, David. A University of Michigan Medical School alumnus confronts anthroposophic medicine at his alma mater. Science-Based Medicine. 14 March 2011 [29 November 2018]. （原始内容存档于7 May 2019）.
^ Staudenmaier, Peter. Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy. Nova Religio. 1 February 2008, 11 (3): 4–36. doi:10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.4.
^ Staudenmaier, Peter. Between Occultism and Fascism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race and Nation in Germany and Italy, 1900-1945 (PDF). Cornell University. [5 September 2021]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-18）.
^ Kreidler, Marc. Rudolf Steiner's Quackery. Quackwatch. 23 July 2012 [5 September 2021]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-23）.
^ Staudenmaier, Peter. Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy. Nova Religio. 1 February 2008, 11 (3): 4–36. doi:10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.4.

外部链接[编辑]

Rudolf Steiner Archive (线上作品集)

[1] Anthroposophy 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-02-08., Encyclopedia Britannica online. "Anthroposophy, philosophy based on the premise that the human intellect has the ability to contact spiritual worlds. It was formulated by Rudolf Steiner (q.v.), an Austrian philosopher, scientist, and artist, who postulated the existence of a spiritual world comprehensible to pure thought but fully accessible only to the faculties of knowledge latent in all humans."

[Essential-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Robert McDermott, The Essential Steiner, ISBN 0-06-065345-0, pp. 3–11, 392–5

[3] "Anthroposophy" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica online, accessed 10/09/07

[4] Christian Clement (ed.), Rudolf Steiner: Schriften über Mystik, Mysterienwesen und Religionsgeschichte. Frommann-holzboog Verlag, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 2013. ISBN 978-3-7728-2635-1. p. xlii

[5] Rudolf Steiner, Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy, Anthroposophic Press 1995 ISBN 0880103876

[6] Steiner, Rudolf. Philosophie und Anthroposophie: Gesammelte Aufsätze, 1904-1918. Verlag der Rudolf Steiner-Nachlassverwaltung. 1965 [2021-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）（德语）.

[7] Handbook of new religions and cultural production. Carole M. Cusack, Alex Norman. Leiden: BRILL. 2012 [2021-02-17]. ISBN 978-90-04-22648-7. OCLC 794328527. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）.

[8] Phillips, D. C. Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy. SAGE Publications. 2014-05-19: 847 [2021-04-10]. ISBN 978-1-4833-6475-9. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）（英语）.

[9] Steiner, Rudolf. What is anthroposophy? : three perspectives on self-knowledge. Christopher Bamford. Great Barrington, MA: Anthroposophic Press. 2002 [2021-02-17]. ISBN 0-88010-506-2. OCLC 49531507. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）.

[10] Weiner, Irving B.; Craighead, W. Edward. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons. 2010-01-19: 86 [2021-04-10]. ISBN 978-0-470-17025-0. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）（英语）.

[Willmann-11] Carlo Willmann, Waldorfpädagogik: Theologische und religionspädagogische Befunde, ISBN 3-412-16700-2, Chap. 1

[12] Heiner Ullrich, "Rudolf Steiner" 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2015-09-24., Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIV, no. 3/4, 1994, p. 555–572.

[Schneider-13] Peter Schneider, Einführung in die Waldorfpädogogik, ISBN 3-608-93006-X

[14] Ullrich, Heiner. Rudolf Steiner: Leben und Lehre. Munich: C. H. Beck. 2010: 9.

[15] The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. 2002: 31– [2016-10-17]. ISBN 9781576076538. （原始内容存档于2016-12-24）.

[Ruse2013-16] Ruse, Michael. The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet. University of Chicago Press. 2013-09-25: 128– [21 June 2015]. ISBN 9780226060392.

[GuardianWaldorf-17] Schools of pseudoscience pose a serious threat to education | letters. The Guardian. 12 May 2012 [29 November 2018]. （原始内容存档于10 September 2017）（英语）.

[Gorski-18] Gorski, David. A University of Michigan Medical School alumnus confronts anthroposophic medicine at his alma mater. Science-Based Medicine. 14 March 2011 [29 November 2018]. （原始内容存档于7 May 2019）.

[StaudenmaierRace-19] Staudenmaier, Peter. Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy. Nova Religio. 1 February 2008, 11 (3): 4–36. doi:10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.4.

[Staudenmaier-20] Staudenmaier, Peter. Between Occultism and Fascism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race and Nation in Germany and Italy, 1900-1945 (PDF). Cornell University. [5 September 2021]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-18）.

[QuackWatch-21] Kreidler, Marc. Rudolf Steiner's Quackery. Quackwatch. 23 July 2012 [5 September 2021]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-23）.

[StaudenmaierRace2-22] Staudenmaier, Peter. Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy. Nova Religio. 1 February 2008, 11 (3): 4–36. doi:10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.4.

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