美洲牡蛎

美洲牡蛎
	美国佐治亚州不伦瑞克市格林沼泽的牡蛎床
保护状况
	; 易危（NatureServe）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	软体动物门 Mollusca
纲：	双壳纲 Bivalvia
目：	牡蛎目 Ostreida
科：	牡蛎科 Ostreidae
属：	巨牡蛎属 Crassostrea
种：	美洲牡蛎 C. virginica
二名法
	Crassostrea virginica; (Gmelin, 1791)
异名
	Crassostrea floridensis Sowerby; Dioeciostrea americana Orton, 1928; Lopha gibsonsmithi Macsotay & Campos, 2001; Ostraea floridensis G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostraea reniformis G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostraea rostrata Chemnitz, 1785; Ostrea borealis Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea canadensis Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea procyon Holmes, 1858; Ostrea triangularis Holmes, 1856; Ostrea virginiana Röding, 1798; Ostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791;

美洲牡蛎（又译作美东牡蛎^[3]，学名：Crassostrea virginica），原生于美洲东部，属于巨牡蛎属（学名：Crassostrea）。其分布范围从加拿大新不伦瑞克省北部起，向南经过西印度群岛的部分地区^[4]，一直延伸至委内瑞拉。^[5]^[6]^:7美洲牡蛎也被人工养殖于加拿大海洋省份、美国东岸各州和墨西哥湾沿岸州。在美国华盛顿州普吉特海湾养殖的美洲牡蛎被称为托顿维珍尼亚生蚝（Totten Inlet Virginica）。^[7]19世纪，美洲牡蛎被引入夏威夷群岛，目前常见于珍珠港。^[8]

美洲牡蛎是重要的经济物种，然而，它们已受到栖息地变化的严重影响。据估计，切萨皮克湾及其支流中现存的美洲牡蛎种群数量已不及欧洲殖民者初次抵达时的1%。^[9]目前，美洲牡蛎的种群数量正受过度捕捞和水污染的威胁。2014年，经公益自然（英语：NatureServe）（NatureServe）评估，美洲牡蛎的全球保护等级被调整为“易危”。^[1]此外，美洲牡蛎面临的其他威胁还包括全球变暖、疾病、寄生虫，以及入侵物种的竞争。^[10]

描述

美洲牡蛎是滤食性动物，通过吸水并过滤出浮游生物和碎屑进行摄食，然后将水排出，从而清洁周围的水域。一只美洲牡蛎可以在24小时内过滤多达50加仑（约189升）的水。^[11]

美洲牡蛎是许多地区的基础物种（英语：Foundation species）。在西大西洋河口区域，美洲牡蛎扮演着生态系统工程师的角色。^[12]^[13]与珊瑚礁类似，牡蛎床（又称牡蛎礁（英语：Oyster reef））是可供其他生物附着和栖息的坚硬基底。^[14]据估计，牡蛎床的表面积为同等大小平坦海床的50倍。^[15]

大多数双壳纲生物的贝壳由霰石形式（正交晶系）的碳酸钙构成。美洲牡蛎幼虫的贝壳同样由霰石形式的碳酸钙构成，但成年后其贝壳会转变为菱方系（英语：Rhombohedral）（Rhombohedral）形式。^[16] 这种贝壳成分的转变被认为是美洲牡蛎对抗捕食者的适应性演化，因为固定在暴露位置的牡蛎需要更厚实且更易生成的菱方系碳酸钙贝壳。^[16]

侧面
外部
内部
特写
一群牡蛎
生长在柱子上的牡蛎

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 NatureServe. Crassostrea virginica. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 6 January 2023 [28 January 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-29）.
^ Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). GBIF. Copenhagen, Denmark: GBIF Secretariat.
^ 巫文隆. 拉漢/漢拉世界海貝名典初版. 基隆: 水产出版社. 1999: 228. ISBN 957-8596-52-9.
^ McMurray, Patrick. Guidebook of Introduced Marines Species of Hawaii. Bishop Museum and University of Hawaii. 2002 [2023-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-05）.
^ Crassostrea virginica. National Estuarine and Marine Exotic Species Information System. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. [2 February 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-02）.
^ Carriker, Melbourne R.; Gaffney, Patrick M. Chapter 1: A Catalogue of Selected Species of Living Oyster (Ostreacea) of the World. Kennedy, Victor S.; Newell, Roger I.E.; Eble, Albert F. (编). The Eastern Oyster: Crassotrea virginica. College Park: Maryland Sea Grant College. 1996: 1–18 [2 February 2023]. ISBN 0-943-676-61-4. LCCN 96-076817. （原始内容存档于2023-02-02） –通过NOAA Institutional Repository.
^ Apple Jr., R.W. The Oyster Is His World. The New York Times. 2006-04-26 [2006-04-27]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-08）.
^ Crassostrea virginica, Introduced Marine Species of Hawaii Guidebook. www2.bishopmuseum.org. [2021-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-05）.
^ Newell, R.I.E. Lynch, M.P.; Krome, E.C. , 编. Understanding the Estuary: Advances in Chesapeake Bay Research. Solomons, Maryland: Chesapeake Research Consortium: 536–546. August 1988 [Proceedings of a Conference, 29-31 March 1988, Baltimore, Maryland]. CRC Publication No. 129, CBP/TRS 24/88. （原始内容存档于2023-01-29）使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助) –通过National Service Center for Environmental Publications, United States Environmental Protection Agency. |chapter=被忽略 (帮助);
^ Eastern Oyster Biological Review Team. Status review of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Regional Office. February 16, 2007 (报告). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 2007 [28 January 2023]. Tech Memo NMFS-F/SPO-88. （原始内容存档于2023-03-31）.
^ Field Guide: Eastern Oyster Crassotrea virginica. Chesapeake Bay Program. Chesapeake Bay Program. 2023 [29 January 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-29）.
^ Tomanek, L.; Zuzow, M.J.; Ivanina, A.V.; Beniash, E.; Sokolova, I.M. Proteomic response to elevated PCO2 level in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica: evidence for oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2011, 214 (11): 1836–1844. PMID 21562170. doi:10.1242/jeb.055475 .
^ Gutiérrez, J. L.; Jones, C.G.; Stayer, D.L.; Iribarne, O.O. Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos. 2003, 101 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12322.x.
^ Crassostrea virginica. Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce and Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program. [29 January 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-29）.
^ Aquatic Reefs. About the Bay. Chesapeake Bay Program. [6 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于7 December 2011）.
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 Stenzel, H. B. Oysters: Composition of the Larval Shell. Science. 1964, 145 (3628): 155–156. Bibcode:1964Sci...145..155S. JSTOR 1714142. PMID 17821418. S2CID 45306933. doi:10.1126/science.145.3628.155.

外部链接

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：美洲牡蛎
维基物种上的相关信息：美洲牡蛎

[natureserve2014-1] 1.0 ^1.1 NatureServe. Crassostrea virginica. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 6 January 2023 [28 January 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-29）.

[2] Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). GBIF. Copenhagen, Denmark: GBIF Secretariat.

[3] 巫文隆. 拉漢/漢拉世界海貝名典初版. 基隆: 水产出版社. 1999: 228. ISBN 957-8596-52-9.

[4] McMurray, Patrick. Guidebook of Introduced Marines Species of Hawaii. Bishop Museum and University of Hawaii. 2002 [2023-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-05）.

[5] Crassostrea virginica. National Estuarine and Marine Exotic Species Information System. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. [2 February 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-02）.

[6] Carriker, Melbourne R.; Gaffney, Patrick M. Chapter 1: A Catalogue of Selected Species of Living Oyster (Ostreacea) of the World. Kennedy, Victor S.; Newell, Roger I.E.; Eble, Albert F. (编). The Eastern Oyster: Crassotrea virginica. College Park: Maryland Sea Grant College. 1996: 1–18 [2 February 2023]. ISBN 0-943-676-61-4. LCCN 96-076817. （原始内容存档于2023-02-02） –通过NOAA Institutional Repository.

[7] Apple Jr., R.W. The Oyster Is His World. The New York Times. 2006-04-26 [2006-04-27]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-08）.

[8] Crassostrea virginica, Introduced Marine Species of Hawaii Guidebook. www2.bishopmuseum.org. [2021-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-05）.

[9] Newell, R.I.E. Lynch, M.P.; Krome, E.C. , 编. Understanding the Estuary: Advances in Chesapeake Bay Research. Solomons, Maryland: Chesapeake Research Consortium: 536–546. August 1988 [Proceedings of a Conference, 29-31 March 1988, Baltimore, Maryland]. CRC Publication No. 129, CBP/TRS 24/88. （原始内容存档于2023-01-29）使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (帮助) –通过National Service Center for Environmental Publications, United States Environmental Protection Agency. |chapter=被忽略 (帮助);

[10] Eastern Oyster Biological Review Team. Status review of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Regional Office. February 16, 2007 (报告). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 2007 [28 January 2023]. Tech Memo NMFS-F/SPO-88. （原始内容存档于2023-03-31）.

[11] Field Guide: Eastern Oyster Crassotrea virginica. Chesapeake Bay Program. Chesapeake Bay Program. 2023 [29 January 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-29）.

[12] Tomanek, L.; Zuzow, M.J.; Ivanina, A.V.; Beniash, E.; Sokolova, I.M. Proteomic response to elevated PCO2 level in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica: evidence for oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2011, 214 (11): 1836–1844. PMID 21562170. doi:10.1242/jeb.055475 .

[13] Gutiérrez, J. L.; Jones, C.G.; Stayer, D.L.; Iribarne, O.O. Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos. 2003, 101 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12322.x.

[14] Crassostrea virginica. Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce and Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program. [29 January 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-29）.

[15] Aquatic Reefs. About the Bay. Chesapeake Bay Program. [6 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于7 December 2011）.

[Stenzel-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Stenzel, H. B. Oysters: Composition of the Larval Shell. Science. 1964, 145 (3628): 155–156. Bibcode:1964Sci...145..155S. JSTOR 1714142. PMID 17821418. S2CID 45306933. doi:10.1126/science.145.3628.155.

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