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用户:MaizeSyrup/沙盒

维基百科，自由的百科全书

乌克兰反示威法指十项限制言论自由和集会自由的法律[1]。2014年1月16日，乌克兰最高拉达通过该项法案，史称“黑色星期四”，并于次日在自11月开始的大规模反政府抗议活动的浪潮下，总统维克托·亚努科维奇签署法令[2][3]。法律被亲欧盟运动示威者[4]、非政府组织[5]、学者[6]和乌克兰媒体统称为“独裁统治的法律”（закони про диктатуру）[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]。

西方国家批评法律凸显出乌克兰不民主的本质以及明显想遏制抗议、言论自由和非政府组织活动权利的能力[14]。媒体和学者称法律为“霸王法律”[15] ，蒂莫西·斯奈德声称他们高效地确立一个独裁统治的国家[16]。法律在国际上遭到广泛谴责，美国国务卿约翰·克里称法律反民主。

法律由国会议员Vadym Kolesnychenko和地区党主席Volodymyr Oliynyk拟定，受到地区党和共产党组成的投票集团[17]和一些独立议员的支持。法律违反程序。新法律生效后，内政部部长维塔利·扎尔哈琴科承诺“每项犯罪都会被我方严惩[18]。”

2014年1月28日，议会取消九项反示威法律[19][20][21]。

立法程序

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在通过乌克兰反示威法时，议会便违反了数条程序规定。乌克兰反示威法是由举手投票表决的，不过根据法律规定，只有当电子投票系统遭遇“技术性困难”时才能以举手表决代替。除此之外，议员们举起的手只在短短几秒内便“点”完了，票数是由议员们加上议会成员的总人数得出的，虽然当天其实有几位议员不在场。有人发现当时表决时举手的人其实只有100~140，根据当时的法律，法案至少需要226位票才能通过。大部分的法律都没有经过事前考量，甚至没有经过议员的审查。[22]

规定

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乌克兰反示威法包含下列规定：[4]

  • 立法禁止“极端活动”。根据乌克兰 透明国际组织 表示，规则中的“极端活动”被用“广泛且模糊的词汇”所定义，[22]初犯者会面临高昂的罚款，再犯者则面临最高三年牢狱。
  • Simplifying the process of removal of parliamentary immunity during criminal proceedings to a majority vote in the Parliament. A prior review is no longer required by the Parliamentary committee;
  • Extending and applying amnesty from prosecution previously adopted by the Parliament to those who committed crimes against protestors, including Berkut security forces and other law enforcement officials;
  • Allowing trial in absentia of individuals, including prison terms in cases where the person refuses to appear in court when criminal proceedings in the absence of such person are pronounced possible;
  • Simplifying procedures for serving summons and filing administrative protocols;
  • 挡住住宅的进出路线将面临最高六年牢狱。
    若五辆车子以上的车队造成了交通堵塞，将面临被吊销驾照1~2年，并且车辆将被没收
  • 集结五辆以上的车队，并造成交通壅塞者，面临吊销驾照与没收车辆，最高可长达两年（除非有获得内政部的许可）。
  • Defamation, either by means of press or social media, carries a penalty of up to one year in jail;
  • Law enforcement officials involved in similar activities and their families face a maximum prison term of six months;
  • The penalty for blocking government buildings is up to five years in jail; that for blocking of entrance to a residence is up to three years of restriction of liberty
  • Up to 15 days in jail for unauthorised installation of tents, stages and sound equipment;
  • Anti-mask law with the provision of up to 15 days in jail for participation in peaceful gatherings wearing a mask, camouflage clothing, scarf, helmet, or other means of concealing or protecting one’s face or head;
  • Non-governmental organizations that accept foreign funds must register as "foreign agents" and face high scrutiny and additional tax measures;
  • Mandatory licensing of Internet providers;
  • Provisions for legal governmental Internet censorship;
  • A broad definition of "extremist activities," which disallows Non-governmental organizations and churches from engaging in support of civil protests.[4]

参考资料

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  1. ^ In Ukraine, protesters appear to be preparing for battle. The Washington Post. 2014-01-20 [2014-01-20]. ...particularly with the passage last week of harsh laws restricting freedom of speech and assembly. 
  2. ^ Official web portal of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2014-01-16 [2014-01-22]. For the period of January 14–17, the Verkhovna Rada adopted 11 Laws and 1 Resolution 
  3. ^ President signs laws. Press office of President Yanukovych. 2014-01-17 [2014-01-22]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Maidaner, Efim. Australians condemn new dictatorship laws in Ukraine. 2014-01-17 [2014-01-22]. 
  5. ^ Громадські організації закликають до Всеукраїнської мобілізації. Transparency International Ukraine. 2014-01-17 [2014-01-22]. 
  6. ^ http://blogs.piie.com/realtime/?p=4222 "on January 16, he had the parliament adopt nine dictatorial laws"
  7. ^ МЗС відповів ОБСЄ: "закони про диктатуру" відповідають усім демократичним стандартам. Українська правда. 2014-01-18 [2014-01-22]. 
  8. ^ Закони про диктатуру вже надруковані. 2014-01-21 [2014-01-22]. 
  9. ^ Кравчук: закони про "диктатуру" треба вдосконалити. Тиждень.ua. 2014-01-19 [2014-01-22]. 
  10. ^ Масові позови і народний фронт – відповідь правозахисників на "закони про диктатуру". Radio Svoboda Ukraine. 2014-01-17 [2014-01-22]. 
  11. ^ Yanukovych signed dictatorship laws and made a reshuffle of top officials. Citizen Journal: Ukraine. 2014-01-17 [2014-01-22]. 
  12. ^ В ОБСЄ сподіваються, що Янукович накладе вето на "закони про диктатуру". 2014-01-16 [2014-01-22]. 
  13. ^ Міністри закордонних справ Німеччини та Великобританії засудили закони про диктатуру. Новий погляд. 2014-01-18 [2014-01-22]. 
  14. ^ Ukrainian president approves strict anti-protest laws. The Guardian. 2014-01-17 [2014-01-22]. 
  15. ^ Danilova, Maria. Ukrainian protesters defy new draconian laws. Toronto Star. 2014-01-19 [2014-01-20]. 
  16. ^ Snyder, Timothy D. Ukraine: The New Dictatorship. The New York Review of Books. [2014-01-18]. 
  17. ^ Dictatorship in Ukraine legalized. Infographics of the new reality.. CitizenJournal. 2014-01-16 [2014-01-22]. 
  18. ^ Zakharchenko pledges harsh response to lawbreakers. Kyiv Post. 2014-01-18 [2014-01-22]. 
  19. ^ Law on scrapping January 16 legislation published in Ukraine, Interfax-Ukraine (2014-02-03)
  20. ^ Рада отменила скандальные законы
  21. ^ Какие законы Рада не отменила
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Kotliar, Dmytro. Summary of laws adopted by Ukrainian parliament on January 16, 2014. Transparency International Ukraine. 2014-01-17 [2014-01-22]. 

参见

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