Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Lasiodiplodia theobromae
	; Lasiodiplodia theobromae 在木瓜病部上产生孢子
科学分类
界：	真菌界;
门：	子囊菌门;
纲：	座囊菌纲;
目：	座囊菌目Botryosphaeriales;
科：	Botryosphaeriaceae;
属：	Lasiodiplodia;
种：	L. theobromae;
二名法
	Lasiodiplodia theobromae; (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
异名
	Botryodiplodia ananassae ; Botryodiplodia elasticae ; Botryodiplodia theobromae ; Botryodiplodia tubericola ; Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk.（英语：Miles Joseph Berkeley） and Curtis) Arx; Chaetodiplodia grisea ; Diplodia ananassae ; Diplodia gossypina Cooke（英语：Mordecai Cubitt Cooke）; Diplodia theobromae ; Diplodia tubericola ; Lasiodiplodia nigra ; Lasiodiplodia triflorae ; Lasiodiplodia tubericola ; Lasiodiplodiella triflorae ; Macrophoma vestita

Lasiodiplodia theobromae 是一种植物病原，宿主范围非常广泛。它会导致感染的大多数物种腐烂和枝枯。这是柑橘常见的采收后真菌病害，称为茎端腐病。它是引起葡萄溃疡病的病原^[2]。它也感染苏木（Biancaea sappan），一种开花树种。

在极少数情况下，它被发现会引起真菌性角膜炎^[3]、指甲和皮下组织上的病变^[4]。

它与南部非洲猴面包树的广泛死亡率有关。一项初步研究发现其死亡原因复杂，需要进行详细研究^[5]。

寄主与病征

L. theobromae 在热带和亚热带地区的各种不同寄主中引起诸如顶芽枯死、枯萎病和根腐、蒂腐、果腐等疾病^[6]^[7]。寄主植物如番石榴、椰子、木瓜和葡萄等^[7]。葡萄座腔菌属（Botryosphaeria）造成之顶芽枝枯，以前称为葡萄溃疡病，其症状特色在造成葡萄系统性病害。这些症状会影响植物的不同部位，透过观察这些病征可以用来诊断其感染病源。其病征包含自伤口侵入的溃疡，当以横断面切除顶芽枯死时引起楔形损害。顶芽枝枯的特点是"dead arm"，与缺少刺激位置。其他症状包括春季枝条发育不良、延迟芽点生长或使芽坏死、枝条白化等。芽坏死、芽衰竭、以及顶芽枯死皆为寄主植物维管束系统坏死的结果^[8]。

它也会影响榴梿属的果实如Durio graveolens（英语：Durio graveolens）^[9]。

病害史

此真菌在患病的木材外以分生孢子器过冬。分生孢子器产生并释放出暗褐色双细胞形式有条纹的分生孢子，透过风与雨水传播到其他藤本植物上，再从得病的藤本植物继续传播给其他健康的植株。当分生孢子落在新的伤口或损坏的木材上时，就会开始发展病害。分生孢子造成木材组织增生并开始损害维管束系统。一开始在最初的感染点周围形成溃疡，最后在完全地损害维管束系统下导致木材坏死和枯死。在某些情况下，假囊壳在溃疡外形成，并产生子囊孢子，其像分生孢子一样散播并感染周围的伤口^[10]。

管理

有许多不同的方法可以用来管理藤本植物园中的枯萎病。可通过打破疾病周期来防止进一步感染，或者在初次感染后修复植物。在除去感染源时，须采取良好的卫生措施，以防止园中其他部分进一步感染，并避免交叉污染^[11]。下表为可用于预防和康复的策略：

目的	策略	方法
预防	栽培途径	避免于潮湿天气时修剪（下雨过后大约2小时会释放葡萄座腔菌科真菌的孢子）尽量减少修剪伤口的数量和大小应以一定的角度进行切割，使水从木材表面排出应在当季早期进行修剪，因为此时孢子产量较低或较晚，伤口较不易感染且愈合较快
预防	化学途径修剪伤口的保护是预防藤本植物躯干疾病最有效和最经济的方式。	修剪伤口的保护：修剪后尽快将大量的杀菌剂、油漆、糊剂或生物防治剂直接施用于切口 Vinevax™（生物防治剂）和Greenseal™是唯一在澳大利亚注册用于修剪伤口保护的两种产品（两种产品均已注册为用于控制弯孢壳属（eutypa）真菌引起的枝枯）
处理	去除感染木材	去除死亡的木头以及其10厘米的健康组织广泛重修感染的冠或树干从植物园中除去所有感染的木材重新制作新的警戒线用树枝替换树干

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lasiodiplodia theobromae. NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. [1 December 2017] （English）. Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; dothideomyceta; Dothideomycetes; Dothideomycetes incertae sedis; Botryosphaeriales; Botryosphaeriaceae; Lasiodiplodia
^ Úrbez-Torres, J. R.; Leavitt, G. M.; Guerrero, J. C.; Guevara, J.; Gubler, W. D. Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico. Plant Disease. 2008-04, 92 (4): 519–529. ISSN 0191-2917. doi:10.1094/pdis-92-4-0519.
^ Mycology Online - Lasiodiplodia theobromae. 2008-10-07.
^ Summerbell, Richard C.; Krajden, S.; Levine, R.; Fuksa, M. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and successfully treated surgically. Medical Mycology. 2004-12-01, 42 (6): 543–547. ISSN 1369-3786. PMID 15682643. doi:10.1080/13693780400005916 （英语）.
^ BAOBAB MORTALITY IN MESSINA NATURE RESERVE (PDF).
^ Sreerama Kumar, P.; Singh, Leena. Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a Mycoparasite of a Powdery Mildew Pathogen. Mycobiology. 2009-12, 37 (4): 308–309. ISSN 1229-8093. PMC 3749424 . PMID 23983554. doi:10.4489/MYCO.2009.37.4.308.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Tovar Pedraza, J. M., Mora Aguilera, J. A., Nava Díaz, C., Téliz Ortiz, D., Villegas Monter, Á., & Leyva Mir, S. G. CONTROL OF Lasiodiplodia theobromae, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF DIEBACK OF SAPOTE MAMEY [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore and Stearn] GRAFTS IN MÉXICO (PDF). Revista fitotecnia mexicana.
^ Rodríguez-Gálvez, E.; Maldonado, E.; Alves, A. Identification and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing dieback of table grapes in Peru. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2014-10-23, 141 (3): 477–489. ISSN 0929-1873. doi:10.1007/s10658-014-0557-8 （英语）.
^ Sivapalan, A.; Metussin, Rosidah; Hamdan, Fuziah; Zain, Rokiah Mohd. Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam. Australasian Plant Pathology. 1998, 27 (4): 274. ISSN 0815-3191. doi:10.1071/ap98033 （英语）.
^ "Botryosphaeria Dieback: Identification and Management" (PDF).
^ MUHAMMAD ALI KHANZADA,, A. MUBEEN LODHI. "CHEMICAL CONTROL OF LASIODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF MANGO DECLINE IN SINDH" (PDF). 2005.

[NCBI-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lasiodiplodia theobromae. NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. [1 December 2017] （English）. Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; dothideomyceta; Dothideomycetes; Dothideomycetes incertae sedis; Botryosphaeriales; Botryosphaeriaceae; Lasiodiplodia

[:0-2] Úrbez-Torres, J. R.; Leavitt, G. M.; Guerrero, J. C.; Guevara, J.; Gubler, W. D. Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico. Plant Disease. 2008-04, 92 (4): 519–529. ISSN 0191-2917. doi:10.1094/pdis-92-4-0519.

[3] Mycology Online - Lasiodiplodia theobromae. 2008-10-07.

[4] Summerbell, Richard C.; Krajden, S.; Levine, R.; Fuksa, M. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and successfully treated surgically. Medical Mycology. 2004-12-01, 42 (6): 543–547. ISSN 1369-3786. PMID 15682643. doi:10.1080/13693780400005916 （英语）.

[5] BAOBAB MORTALITY IN MESSINA NATURE RESERVE (PDF).

[6] Sreerama Kumar, P.; Singh, Leena. Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a Mycoparasite of a Powdery Mildew Pathogen. Mycobiology. 2009-12, 37 (4): 308–309. ISSN 1229-8093. PMC 3749424 . PMID 23983554. doi:10.4489/MYCO.2009.37.4.308.

[:1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Tovar Pedraza, J. M., Mora Aguilera, J. A., Nava Díaz, C., Téliz Ortiz, D., Villegas Monter, Á., & Leyva Mir, S. G. CONTROL OF Lasiodiplodia theobromae, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF DIEBACK OF SAPOTE MAMEY [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore and Stearn] GRAFTS IN MÉXICO (PDF). Revista fitotecnia mexicana.

[8] Rodríguez-Gálvez, E.; Maldonado, E.; Alves, A. Identification and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing dieback of table grapes in Peru. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2014-10-23, 141 (3): 477–489. ISSN 0929-1873. doi:10.1007/s10658-014-0557-8 （英语）.

[9] Sivapalan, A.; Metussin, Rosidah; Hamdan, Fuziah; Zain, Rokiah Mohd. Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam. Australasian Plant Pathology. 1998, 27 (4): 274. ISSN 0815-3191. doi:10.1071/ap98033 （英语）.

[10] "Botryosphaeria Dieback: Identification and Management" (PDF).

[11] MUHAMMAD ALI KHANZADA,, A. MUBEEN LODHI. "CHEMICAL CONTROL OF LASIODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF MANGO DECLINE IN SINDH" (PDF). 2005.

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