基里瓜遗址
世界遗产 | |
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位置 | ![]() |
标准 | 文 i, ii, iv |
参考编码 | 149 |
登录年份 | 1981年(第七届会议) |
坐标 | 15°16′10″N 89°2′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W |
基里瓜遗址(西班牙语:Quiriguá,西班牙语发音:[kiɾiˈɣwa])是位于危地马拉东南部伊萨瓦尔省的古玛雅遗迹。它沿莫塔瓜河下游、占地约3平方公里(1.2平方英里),属于中型遗址[2],其中礼仪中心位在距北岸1公里(0.6英里)处[3]。玛雅古典时期(公元200年–900年)时,基里瓜坐落于几条重要贸易路线的交点。遗址的卫城内建有200座建筑、约始于公元550年,八世纪时开始兴建大型建筑。所有工程在约公元850年停止动工,仅在后古典时代初期(约公元900年–约公元1200年)短暂复工。基里瓜遗址和邻近的古典时期城市科潘拥有相同的建筑与雕塑风格,历史发展也紧密相依[4]。
基里瓜在8世纪的快速发展与其统治者考阿克天于738年战胜科潘有关。科潘统治者十八兔王败于基里瓜并被抓获,在基里瓜的大广场被献祭[5]。在这之前,基里瓜曾是科潘的附庸国,但后来基里瓜维持了自己的独立地位。基里瓜的仪式建筑物并不多,但基里瓜的建筑物十分丰富,在基里瓜有新大陆里最高的纪念性建筑物[6]。
地名与地理位置
[编辑]![Map showing the locations of Quiriguá and Copán in the extreme east of the region, with Quiriguá to the north and Copán directly south. The landmass is located in Central America and bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Larger_Southern_Maya_area_v3.svg/310px-Larger_Southern_Maya_area_v3.svg.png)
![Map showing Quiriguá's location at the eastern end of the Motagua drainage and showing a tight cluster of jade sources upriver to the west. The landmass is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the southwest.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Formative_Period_southern_Mesoamerica_2.svg/310px-Formative_Period_southern_Mesoamerica_2.svg.png)
基里瓜遗址以邻近的同名村庄为名命名,[7] 它位于危地马拉市东北方向的约200km处;[8] 它位于伊萨瓦尔省洛斯阿马特斯市内超过平均海拔75m的地方[9]。
基里瓜位于莫塔瓜河低处的北部河岸,也是山谷扩为河漫滩的地方,这也让基里瓜数个世纪来饱受周期性洪灾的困扰[10][11]。尽管在基里瓜的占领期内河流一直在靠近此处,但它也自此改变了流向,流至离仪式中心南部1km的位置[3]。基里瓜位于科潘北部48km处[6]并现今位于瓜地马拉与洪都拉斯间国境的西北方向15.7km处。
基里瓜当地的基岩是硬红的砂岩,当地居民用此来建造纪念碑和其他建筑物。这种砂岩十分坚硬,且不易断裂或破裂,这使得基里瓜的雕刻者们可以建立起美洲最高的独立式石建筑物[12]。基里瓜是在莫塔瓜断层上被直接建造起来的,它也因此在古时受到大地震的袭击[13]。
人口
[编辑]尽管基里瓜的精英阶层明显为玛雅人[14],但由于它位于中部美洲地区的边缘地带,所以基里瓜人至少也是两种种族的混血人群[15],玛雅人为少数族群[10]。大多数当地人在种族上属于不那么复杂的中间地带(位于中部美洲的东部边境)[15]。据估算,基里瓜中心地带的人口密度在后经典期为400人至500人每平方千米[16],人口密度在最高峰时达到1200–1600人每平方千米[17];据调查,基里瓜当地平均每平方千米有130座建筑物,而科潘的中心部则是每平方千米有1449座建筑物[18]。较低的人口密度也暗示着基里瓜是一个分散农村人口的聚集点[10]。
在738年发生的那场成功的叛变之后,基里瓜谷的人口快速增长,然基里瓜从未能成为一个人口众多的城邦[19]。在9世纪发生了严重的人口减少,城邦也最终遭到废弃[20]。
已知的统治者
[编辑]名字(或绰号) | 统治年代 | 顺序[21] |
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"Tok Casper" | 426–?[22] | 1 |
Tutuum Yohl K'inich | 约455[22] | ? |
"3号统治者" ("Turtle Shell") | 约480[22][23] | ? |
"4号统治者" ("Basket Skull") | ?–?[23] | 3? |
Mih Toh | 493–[23] | 4? |
K'awiil Yopaat ("5号统治者") | 约653[23] | ? |
卡克·蒂利乌·钱·约帕特 ("考亚克-天") | 724–785[24] | 14 |
"天-舒尔" | 785 –约795[24] | 15 |
"玉石-天" | 约800 – 约810[24] | 17? |
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玛雅文明 |
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社会与文化 |
历史 |
前古典时代 |
古典期玛雅文明的衰落 |
西班牙征服 |
脚注
[编辑]- ^ Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146.
- ^ Ashmore 1980, p.24.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.49.
- ^ Looper 2003, pp.4–5, 83.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Coe 1999, p.121.
- ^ Looper 2003, viii.
- ^ Stross et al. 1983, p.333.
- ^ Inforpress.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Looper 2003, p.1.
- ^ Looper 2003, p.35.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.82.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507.
- ^ Looper 1999, p.264.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Sheets 2000, p.442.
- ^ Drew 1999, p.344.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686.
- ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.219.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
MG225
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 据Looper 2003, p.205.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.
参考资料
[编辑]- Ashmore, Wendy. The Classic Maya Settlement at Quirigua: Recent agricultural activities have helped reveal the extent of the buried settlement (PDF online publication). University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 1980 [2009-08-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-22).
- Ashmore, Wendy. Classic Maya Wells at Quirigua, Guatemala: Household Facilities in a Water-Rich Setting. American Antiquity (Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for American Archaeology). January 1984, 49 (1): 147–153. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280519. OCLC 1479302. doi:10.2307/280519.
- Ashmore, Wendy. Settlement Archaeology at Quiriguá, Guatemala. University Museum monograph, no. 126; Quirigua Reports, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2007. ISBN 978-1-931707-91-6. OCLC 74460023.
- Banco de Guatemala. Monedas. Banco de Guatemala. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-17) (西班牙语).
- Coe, Michael D. The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series 6th, fully revised and expanded. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778.
- Demarest, Arthur A.; Prudence M. Rice; Don Stephen Rice. The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Assessing collapses, transitions, and transformations. Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (编). The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation 1st pbk. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. 2005: 545–572. ISBN 0-87081-822-8. OCLC 61719499.
- Drew, David. The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1999. ISBN 0-297-81699-3. OCLC 43401096.
- Huxley, Aldous. Beyond the Mexique Bay: A Traveller's Journal Reprint. London: Chatto & Windus. 1950 [©1934]. OCLC 256049361.
- Inforpress. Diagnóstico de la Municipalidad de Los Amates Departamento de Izabal (PDF). Inforpress Centroamericana. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-02-20) (西班牙语).
- Jones, Christopher. Paper No. 13: Monument 26, Quirigua, Guatemala. Edward M. Schortman and Patricia A. Urban (volume eds.) (编). Quirigua Reports II: Papers 6–15. University Museum monograph, no. 49; Quirigua reports, vol. 2. Robert J. Sharer (general ed.) 1st, cloth. Philadelphia. PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 1983: 118–128. ISBN 978-0-934718-48-6. OCLC 67294894.
- Kelly, Joyce. An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843.
- Looper, Matthew G. New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press). 1999, 10 (2): 263–280. ISSN 0956-5361. OCLC 86542758. doi:10.1017/S0956536199101135.
- Looper, Matthew G. Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003. ISBN 0-292-70556-5. OCLC 52208614.
- Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 2000. ISBN 0-500-05103-8. OCLC 47358325.
- Miller, Mary Ellen. Maya Art and Architecture. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-20327-X. OCLC 41659173.
- San Diego Museum of Man (a). Casts of our Maya Monuments. San Diego Museum of Man. n.d. [2010-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-13).
- San Diego Museum of Man (b). Maya: Heart of Sky, Heart of Earth. San Diego Museum of Man. n.d. [2010-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-08).
- Scarborough, Vernon L. Courting in the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Study in Pre-Hispanic Ballgame Architecture. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 129–144. ISBN 0-8165-1360-0. OCLC 51873028.
- Schele, Linda; Khristaan D. Villela. Creation, Cosmos, and the Imagery of Palenque and Copan (PDF). Mesoweb articles. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. [2009-01-11]. (原始内容 (PDF online publication)存档于2009-02-20).
- Sharer, Robert J. The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast. Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (编). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 449–499. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.
- Sharer, Robert J.; David W. Sedat; Loa P. Traxler; Julia C. Miller; Ellen E. Bell. Early Classic Royal Power in Copan: The Origins and Development of the Acropolis (ca. AD 250–600). E. Wyllys Andrews V; William L. Fash (编). Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe and Oxford: School of American Research Press and James Currey Ltd. 2005. ISBN 0-85255-981-X. OCLC 56194789.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler. The Ancient Maya 6th, fully revised. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
- Sheets, Payson D. The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica. Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (编). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 407–448. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.
- Stross, Fred H.; Payson Sheets; Frank Asaro; Helen V. Michel. Precise Characterization of Guatemalan Obsidian Sources, and Source Determination of Artifacts from Quirigua. American Antiquity (Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for American Archaeology). April 1983, 48 (2): 323–346 [2019-11-27]. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280454. OCLC 1479302. doi:10.2307/280454. (原始内容存档于2019-11-27).
- Stuart, David; George Stuart. Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya. London: Thames & Hudson. 2008. ISBN 978-0-500-05156-6. OCLC 227016561.
- Torres, Estuardo. Parque Arqueológico Quiriguá. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. [2009-08-14]. (原始内容存档于May 13, 2009) (西班牙语).
- Trustees of the British Museum. Alfred P. Maudslay (1850–1931). The British Museum: Explore/Highlights. Trustees of the British Museum. n.d. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-20).
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-24).
- Webster, David L. The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. London: Thames & Hudson. 2002. ISBN 0-500-05113-5. OCLC 48753878.
外部链接
[编辑]- 官方网站(西班牙语)
- 神秘的基里瓜遗址
- 基里瓜石碑照片 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 历史与照片集
- 基里瓜遗址重点地图 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 兽形作品 P 照片(摄于1883年) 于FAMSI
- 基里瓜遗址 于 联合国教科文组织世界遗产列表 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 基里瓜遗址:玛雅的石头遗产
15°16′10″N 89°02′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W
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