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Astigmatism
Blur from astigmatic lens at different distances
分类和外部资源
医学专科Ophthalmology
ICD-10H52.2
ICD-9-CM367.2
OMIM603047
DiseasesDB29648
MedlinePlus001015
MeSHD001251
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Astigmatism is a type of refractive error in which the eye does not focus light evenly on the retina.[1] This results in distorted or blurred vision at all distances. Other symptoms can include eyestrain, headaches, and trouble diving at night.[1] If it occurs early in life it can result in amblyopia.[2]

散光(又称乱视,散光眼,Astigmatism)散光是眼睛屈光不正常的一种症状,与投射在视网膜上的光线是否平均有关[1]。常见的症状有视线扭曲变形或视线模糊。散光患者看东西时会较难细微地看清景物。一般情况下,散光并不会独自出现,患者的眼睛通常都会伴有近视远视。其他的症状包含眼睛容易疲劳,头痛,且“无法从事夜间潜水”[1]。若在幼年时即患有此症,会导致眼睛弱视[2]

The cause of astigmatism is unclear.[3] It is believed to be partly related to genetic factors.[4] The underlying mechanism involves an irregular curvature of the cornea or abnormalities in the lens of the eye.[1][3] Diagnosis is by an eye exam.[1]

目前散光的确切发生原因仍不清楚,部分专家认为与基因有关.散光的发生机制与角膜或水晶体的异常屈光度。规则散光多数是由于角膜先天性异态变化所致,还可能存在晶状体散光。也有些后天引起的散光,比如眼睑长针眼或粟粒肿,长期用眼姿势不良(如经常眯眼、揉眼、躺着看书等等),这样眼皮压迫角膜也会使角膜弧度改变,发生散光并使散光度数增加,另外,一些眼科手术如白内障及角膜手术也可能改变散光的度数及轴度。 不规则散光主要由于角膜屈光面凹凸不平所致,如角膜溃疡、瘢痕、圆锥角膜、翼状胬肉等。此症通常需要经过眼科检查才能确诊。

Three options exist for the treatment: glasses, contact lenses, and surgery. Glasses are the simplest. Contact lenses can provide a wider field of vision. Refractive surgery permanently changes the shape of the eye.[1]

目前常见三种治疗方式为配戴眼镜,隐形眼镜和进行矫正手术。配戴眼镜是最简单的治疗方式,配戴隐形眼镜则可以提供较为宽广的视野。若进行矫正手术则会永久地改变眼球形状。

预防方法:

1. 最好3~4岁时做第一次全眼部检查,以后毎年定期眼部检查1~2次。指导幼童养成良好的卫生习惯,不随便用手或其化物品接触眼睛,以避免传染眼疾。看书时光线要充足,光线最好来自左后方;看书姿势要正确,并且保持在30公分至40公分之间的距离。

2. 选择读物时字体要清晰,不可太小。

3. 看电视须距离电视画面对角线的5~7倍。连续看书不超过一小时。需配眼镜者,应由医生或眼科视光师检查后配镜。

In Europe and Asia astigmatism affects between 30 and 60% of adults.[4] People of all ages can be affected.[1] Astigmatism was first reported by Thomas Young in the early 1800s.[3]

各年龄层的人都有可能患有此症。在亚洲和欧洲约有30-60%的成人都受到散光的困扰。此症是由Thomas Young于1800年初期所发表确认。

References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Facts About Astigmatism. NEI. October 2010 [29 September 2016]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Harvey, EM. Development and treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia.. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry. June 2009, 86 (6): 634–9. PMID 19430327. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Read, SA; Collins, MJ; Carney, LG. A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis.. Clinical & experimental optometry. January 2007, 90 (1): 5–19. PMID 17177660. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Mozayan, E; Lee, JK. Update on astigmatism management.. Current opinion in ophthalmology. July 2014, 25 (4): 286–90. PMID 24837578.