亨氏單位
外觀
亨氏單位(英語:Hounsfield unit,縮寫:HU),為亨氏量表(Hounsfield scale)阻射率的數量尺度單位,命名自X射線電腦斷層掃描的發明人高弗雷·豪斯費爾德(Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield)。亨氏單位常用於X射線電腦斷層掃描,因此又稱為CT值(CT number)。
定義
[編輯]亨氏單位為其所測量之介質的線性衰減係數的線性映射,其定義將蒸餾水與空氣在標準溫度與標準壓力下的阻射率分別設為0 HU和-1,000 HU。因此,在線性衰減係數介於平均值間的體素中,其亨氏單位為:[1]
由於空氣的線性衰減係數趨近於0,一個HU的變化相當於水線性衰減係數0.1%的變化。[2]
原理
[編輯]由於X射線電腦斷層掃描的功能在於將生物(主要是陸上生物,如人類)的體內結構成像化,因此採納上述標準作為所有介質的參照依據。[2]
人體內各介質的亨氏單位值
[編輯]亨氏單位僅適用於常見的雙能電腦斷層掃描(dual-energy CT scan),而不適用於錐狀射束電腦斷層掃描(cone beam CT scan)。[3]
介質 | 亨氏單位 | |
---|---|---|
空氣 | −1,000 | |
脂肪 | −120至−90[4] | |
造影劑電腦斷層掃描下的軟組織 | +100至+300 | |
骨骼 | 鬆質骨 | +300至+400[5] |
密質骨 | +1,800至+1,900[5] | |
頭部外傷 | 前數小時 | +75至+100[6] |
3日後 | +65至+85[6] | |
10-14日後 | +35至+40[7] | |
其他血液 | 非凝血 | +13[8]至+50[9] |
凝血 | +50[10]至+75[8][10] | |
胸腔積液 | 漏出液 | +2至+15 [11] |
滲出液 | +4至+33[11] | |
其他體液 | 乳糜 | −30[12] |
水 | 0 | |
尿液 | −5至+15[4] | |
膽汁 | −5至+15[4] | |
腦脊液 | +15 | |
膿瘍/膿 | 0[13]至+20[14] 或 +40[14]至+45[13] | |
黏液 | 0[15] - 130[16](超過70HU時進入高衰減)[17][18] | |
薄壁組織 | 肺 | −700至−600[19] |
腎 | +20至+45[4] | |
肝 | 60 ± 6[20] | |
淋巴結 | +10至+20[21] | |
肌肉 | +35至+55[4] | |
胸腺 | +20至+40(兒童)[22] | |
+20至+120(成人)[22] | ||
白質 | +20至+30 | |
灰質 | +37至+45 | |
膽結石 | 膽固醇石 | +30至+100[23] |
色素性膽結石 | +90至+120[23] | |
異物[24] | 一般窗戶玻璃 | +500 |
鋁、瀝青、車窗玻璃、玻璃瓶與其他石類 | +2,100至+2,300 | |
石灰岩 | +2,800 | |
銅 | +14,000 | |
銀 | +17,000 | |
鋼 | +20,000 | |
金、鋼與黃銅 | +30,000(可測量之上限) | |
耳垢 | <0 |
亨氏單位常用於辨識腫瘤,以腎上腺腺瘤為例,當該腫瘤的阻射率小於10 HU,則其脂肪成分偏高,代表該腫瘤有較大機率為良性腫瘤[25]。
參見
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Lev, Michael; Gonzalez, Rodolfo. CT Angiography and CT Perfusion Imaging. ScienceDirect. 2002 [2020-12-20]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-12) (英語).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 DenOtter, Tami; Schubert, Johanna. Hounsfield Unit. 美國國家衛生院. 2020-05-11 [2020-12-20]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-06) (英語).
- ^ De Vos, W.; Casselman, J.; Swennen, G.R.J. Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) imaging of the oral and maxillofacial region: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2009-06, 38 (6): 609–625. PMID 19464146. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2009.02.028.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Page 83 in: Herbert Lepor. Prostatic Diseases. W.B. Saunders Company. 2000. ISBN 9780721674162.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Birur, NPraveen; Patrick, Sanjana; Gurushanth, Keerthi; Raghavan, AShubhasini; Gurudath, Shubha. Comparison of gray values of cone-beam computed tomography with hounsfield units of multislice computed tomography: An in vitro study. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2017年, 28 (1): 66–70. ISSN 0970-9290. PMID 28393820. doi:10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_415_16.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Fig 3 in: Rao, Murali Gundu. Dating of Early Subdural Haematoma: A Correlative Clinico-Radiological Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016, 10 (4): HC01–5. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 4866129
. PMID 27190831. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/17207.7644.
- ^ Dr Rohit Sharma; A.Prof Frank Gaillard. Subdural haemorrhage. Radiopaedia. [2018-08-14]. (原始內容存檔於2011-03-23).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Page 263 in: Robert Fosbinder; Denise Orth. Essentials of Radiologic Science. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN 9780781775540.
- ^ page 20.17 in: F W Wright. Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions. CRC Press. 2001. ISBN 9780415281416.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 page 17 in: Dr. Avital Fast; Dorith Goldsher. Navigating the Adult Spine: Bridging Clinical Practice and Neuroradiology. Demos Medical Publishing. 2006. ISBN 9781934559741.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Cullu, Nesat; Kalemci, Serdar; Karakas, Omer; Eser, Irfan; Yalcin, Funda; Boyaci, Fatma Nurefsan; Karakas, Ekrem. Efficacy of CT in diagnosis of transudates and exudates in patients with pleural effusion. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 2013, 20 (2): 116–20. ISSN 1305-3825. PMC 4463296
. PMID 24100060. doi:10.5152/dir.2013.13066.
- ^ Page 342 in: Luca Saba; Jasjit S. Suri. Multi-Detector CT Imaging: Principles, Head, Neck, and Vascular Systems, Volume 1. CRC Press. 2013. ISBN 9781439893845.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 P. Sanchez de Medina Alba; C. Santos Montón; N. Calvo; K. El Karzazi; T. González de la Huebra Labrador; R. Corrales; N. Alegre Borge; Salamanca/ES. Liver abscesses: where do they come from?A review of the main types of liver abscesses and the correlation between their causes and the radiologic findings. ECR 2014. 2014 [2020-12-17]. doi:10.1594/ecr2014/C-1927. (原始內容存檔於2019-01-12).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Sasaki, Toru; Miyata, Rie; Hatai, Yoshiho; Makita, Kohzoh; Tsunoda, Koichi. Hounsfield unit values of retropharyngeal abscess-like lesions seen in Kawasaki disease. Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2014, 134 (4): 437–440. ISSN 0001-6489. PMID 24512428. doi:10.3109/00016489.2013.878475.
- ^ K SAGGAR, A AHLUWALIA; P SANDHU, V KALIA. Mucocoele Of The Appendix (PDF). Ind J Radiol Imag. 2006, 16 (2).[失效連結]
- ^ Gaeta, Michele; Vinci, Sergio; Minutoli, Fabio; Mazziotti, Silvio; Ascenti, Giorgio; Salamone, Ignazio; Lamberto, Salvatore; Blandino, Alfredo. CT and MRI findings of mucin-containing tumors and pseudotumors of the thorax: pictorial review. European Radiology. 2001, 12 (1): 181–189. ISSN 0938-7994. PMID 11868096. doi:10.1007/s003300100934.
- ^ Subash S Phuyal; Mandeep Kumar MK Garg; Ritesh R Agarwal; Pankaj P Gupta; Arunaloke A Chakrabarti; Manavjit Singh MS Sandhu; Niranjan N Khandelwal. High-Attenuation Mucus Impaction in Patients With Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: Objective Criteria on High-Resolution Computed Tomography and Correlation With Serologic Parameters. Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. 2015-09-02.
- ^ Agarwal, Ritesh; Sehgal, Inderpaul Singh; Dhooria, Sahajal; Aggarwal, Ashutosh. Radiologic Criteria for the Diagnosis of High-Attenuation Mucus in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. Chest. 2016, 149 (4): 1109–1110. ISSN 0012-3692. PMID 27055707. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.043.
- ^ Page 379 in: Ella A. Kazerooni; Barry H. Gross. Cardiopulmonary Imaging 4. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2004. ISBN 9780781736558.
- ^ page 210 in: Erwin Kuntz; Hans-Dieter Kuntz. Hepatology, Principles and Practice: History, Morphology, Biochemistry, Diagnostics, Clinic, Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. 2006. ISBN 9783540289777.
- ^ Page 58 in: G. Maatman. High-Resolution Computed Tomography of the Paranasal Sinuses and Pharynx and Related Regions: Impact of CT identification on diagnosis and patient management. Volume 12 of Series in Radiology. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. ISBN 9789400942776.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Page 488 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) in: Jean-Claude Givel; Marco Merlini; David B. Clarke; Michael Dusmet. Surgery of the Thymus: Pathology, Associated Disorders and Surgical Technique. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. ISBN 9783642710766.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Rambow A, Staritz M, Wosiewitz U, Mildenburger P, Thelen M, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. Analysis of radiolucent gallstones by computed tomography for in vivo estimation of stone components. Eur J Clin Invest. 1990, 20 (4): 475–8. PMID 2121509. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1990.tb01887.x.
- ^ Bolliger, Stephan A.; Oesterhelweg, Lars; Spendlove, Danny; Ross, Steffen; Thali, Michael J. Is Differentiation of Frequently Encountered Foreign Bodies in Corpses Possible by Hounsfield Density Measurement?. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2009, 54 (5): 1119–1122. ISSN 0022-1198. PMID 19627414. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01100.x.
- ^ Perry J Horwich. Adrenal Adenoma Imaging. 2011-04-21 [2020-12-19] (英語).
參考書籍
[編輯]- Feeman, Timothy G. The Mathematics of Medical Imaging: A Beginner's Guide. Springer Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics and Technology. Springer. 2010. ISBN 978-0387927114.
外部連結
[編輯]- Hounsfield unit. Medcyclopaedia. GE. [2020-12-17]. (原始內容存檔於2012-04-04).
- Hounsfield Unit (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) - fpnotebook.com
- Introduction to CT physics (PDF). elsevierhealth.com. [2020-12-17]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2007-09-26).
- Imaging of deep brain stimulation leads using extended Hounsfield unit CT. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2009;87(3):155-60. doi: 10.1159/000209296 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)