古元古代

古元古代
古元古代
2500 – 1600 百万年前显生宙元古宙太古宙冥古宙
地质年代
	地质年代查; 论; 编; -4500 — – -4000 — – -3500 — – -3000 — – -2500 — – -2000 — – -1500 — – -1000 — – -500 — – 0 — <div class=bar style=" font-size:100%; background-color:; border-width:0.04em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:表达式错误：预期外的<运算符。em; height:表达式错误：预期外的<运算符。em; margin-left:0em; width:5.6em; "> <span style=" position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-表达式错误：预期外的<运算符。em; ">冥古宙太古宙元古宙显生宙始太古代古太古代中太古代新太古代古元古代中元古代新元古代古生代中生代新生代单位：百万年前
拟议重新定义	2420–1541 Ma; Gradstein et al., 2012;
建议的细分	成氧代, 2420–2250 Ma; Gradstein et al., 2012; 耶杜里/真核代, 2250–2060 Ma; Gradstein et al., 2012; 哥伦比亚代, 2060–1780 Ma; Gradstein et al., 2012;
词源
名称是否正式	正式
替代拼写	Palaeoproterozoic
具体信息
天体	地球
适用区域	全球（ICS）
适用时标	ICS年代表
定义
地质年代单位	代
年代地层单位	界
名称是否正式	正式
下边界定义	时间上定义
下边界GSSP位置	N/A
GSSP批准时间	N/A
上边界定义	时间上定义
上边界GSSP位置	N/A
GSSP批准时间	N/A

古元古代（英語：Paleoproterozoic，符号PP）是地质时代中的一个代，开始于同位素年龄25億年前（Ma），结束于16億年前（Ma）。古元古代期间蓝藻、细菌非常繁盛。

古元古代属于前寒武纪元古宙，上一个代是新太古代，下一个代是中元古代。古元古代包括了成铁纪、层侵纪、造山纪、固结纪。

这一时期，地球上的大陆第一次稳定下来。古生物学证据表明，在大约18亿年前，地球的自转速度相当于20个小时，这意味着每年总共有大约450天。^[1]

古元古代大气

大氧化事件之前，几乎所有生命体都是厌氧生物，代谢基于一种不需要氧气的呼吸作用。大量自由氧对大多数厌氧生物来说毒性巨大，因此大氧化事件来临时，大多数厌氧生物都灭绝了。幸存生物要么对氧气的氧化作用有一定抵抗力，要么藏进了无氧环境中。大气中游离氧的突然增加和随之而来的厌氧生物灭绝是地球历史上最早、最重要的大规模灭绝事件之一。^[2]

真核生物出现

真核生物大规模涌现应当是在古元古代。^[3]^[4] 虽然具体时间点还有争议，^[5]^[6] 目前达成的共识是真核生物应出现于古元古代某时。^[7]^[8]

地质事件

这一时期，最早的全球规模陆陆碰撞带形成。与之相关的造山事件有：南美和西非21–20亿年前的跨亚马逊及象牙造山运动；南非~20亿年前的林波波带；19–18亿年前北美洲的跨哈德逊造山运动、彭诺克造山运动、Taltson–Thelon造山运动、翁培造山运动、昂加瓦岩浆事件、托恩盖特造山运动、格陵兰的纳格苏托基德造山运动；19–18亿年前的克拉-卡累利阿、沃里尼亚-中俄罗斯、东欧波罗的的帕切尔玛造山运动及瑞芬造山运动；西伯利亚19–18亿年前的阿基特坎造山运动；~19.5亿年前的孔兹岩带；~18.5亿年前的跨华北造山运动；北美洲南部18-16亿年前亚瓦佩造山运动及马扎察尔造山运动。

这种碰撞带模式足以支持一个超大陆的生成，即哥伦比亚大陆。^[9]^[10]大陆碰撞突然导致大规模的造山，这导致大氧化事件后生物量和碳埋藏增加。据推测，俯冲的碳质沉积物润滑加速了岩层压缩变形的过程，导致了地壳增厚^[11]

今日瑞典北部的长英质火成岩所反映的火山活动造就了基律纳斑岩和阿尔维斯尧尔斑岩。^[12]

巴塔哥尼亚最古老的岩石圈地幔形成。^[13]

参见

无聊十亿年-18至8亿年前
苏阿夫湖撞击坑-已知最古老的撞击坑
弗朗西维利安生物群-已知最古老的多细胞生物痕迹
弗里德堡隕石坑
索德柏立盆地
新太古代

参考

^ Pannella, Giorgio. Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian. Astrophysics and Space Science. 1972, 16 (2): 212. Bibcode:1972Ap&SS..16..212P. S2CID 122908383. doi:10.1007/BF00642735.
^ Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion. Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. University of California Press. 1997-05-29 [2022-05-02]. ISBN 9780520210646. （原始内容存档于2022-05-02）（英语）.
^ Hedges, S Blair; Chen, Hsiong; Kumar, Sudhir; Wang, Daniel YC; Thompson, Amanda S; Watanabe, Hidemi. A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2001-09-12, 1: 4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 56995 . PMID 11580860. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4.
^ Hedges, S Blair; Blair, Jaime E; Venturi, Maria L; Shoe, Jason L. A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2004-01-28, 4: 2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 341452 . PMID 15005799. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2.
^ Rodríguez-Trelles, Francisco; Tarrío, Rosa; Ayala, Francisco J. A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002-06-11, 99 (12): 8112–8115. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.8112R. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 123029 . PMID 12060757. doi:10.1073/pnas.122231299 .
^ Stechmann, Alexandra; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion. Science. 2002-07-05, 297 (5578): 89–91. Bibcode:2002Sci...297...89S. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12098695. S2CID 21064445. doi:10.1126/science.1071196.
^ Ayala, Francisco José; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Ayala, Francisco J. Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998-01-20, 95 (2): 606–611. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..606J. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 18467 . PMID 9435239. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.606 .
^ Wang, D Y; Kumar, S; Hedges, S B. Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi.. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1999-01-22, 266 (1415): 163–171. PMC 1689654 . PMID 10097391. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0617.
^ Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A; Wilde, Simon A; Sun, Min. Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent. Earth-Science Reviews. 2002, 59 (1–4): 125–162. Bibcode:2002ESRv...59..125Z. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9.
^ Zhao, Guochun; Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S.Z. A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup. Earth-Science Reviews. 2004, 67 (1–2): 91–123 [2022-05-02]. Bibcode:2004ESRv...67...91Z. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003. （原始内容存档于2019-04-09）.
^ John Parnell, Connor Brolly: Increased biomass and carbon burial 2 billion years ago triggered mountain building. Nature Communications Earth & Environment, 2021, doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00313-5 (Open Access).
^ Lundqvist, Thomas. Porfyr i Sverige: En geologisk översikt. 2009: 24–27. ISBN 978-91-7158-960-6 （瑞典语）.
^ Schilling, Manuel Enrique; Carlson, Richard Walter; Tassara, Andrés; Conceição, Rommulo Viveira; Berotto, Gustavo Walter; Vásquez, Manuel; Muñoz, Daniel; Jalowitzki, Tiago; Gervasoni, Fernanda; Morata, Diego. The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths. Precambrian Research. 2017, 294: 15–32. Bibcode:2017PreR..294...15S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.008.

外部連結

（英文）古元古代（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（英文）EssayWeb 古元古代
（英文）第一次呼吸：地球十亿年来争夺氧气的斗争 New Scientist, #2746, 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane. Posits an earlier much longer snowball period, c2.4 - c2.0 Gya, triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event.
（英文）The information on eukaryotic lineage diversification was gathered from a New York Times opinion blog by Olivia Judson. See the text here: [1].
（英文）古元古代（年代地层尺度）

[1] Pannella, Giorgio. Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian. Astrophysics and Space Science. 1972, 16 (2): 212. Bibcode:1972Ap&SS..16..212P. S2CID 122908383. doi:10.1007/BF00642735.

[2] Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion. Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. University of California Press. 1997-05-29 [2022-05-02]. ISBN 9780520210646. （原始内容存档于2022-05-02）（英语）.

[:0-3] Hedges, S Blair; Chen, Hsiong; Kumar, Sudhir; Wang, Daniel YC; Thompson, Amanda S; Watanabe, Hidemi. A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2001-09-12, 1: 4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 56995 . PMID 11580860. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4.

[:2-4] Hedges, S Blair; Blair, Jaime E; Venturi, Maria L; Shoe, Jason L. A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2004-01-28, 4: 2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 341452 . PMID 15005799. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2.

[5] Rodríguez-Trelles, Francisco; Tarrío, Rosa; Ayala, Francisco J. A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002-06-11, 99 (12): 8112–8115. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.8112R. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 123029 . PMID 12060757. doi:10.1073/pnas.122231299 .

[6] Stechmann, Alexandra; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion. Science. 2002-07-05, 297 (5578): 89–91. Bibcode:2002Sci...297...89S. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12098695. S2CID 21064445. doi:10.1126/science.1071196.

[7] Ayala, Francisco José; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Ayala, Francisco J. Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998-01-20, 95 (2): 606–611. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..606J. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 18467 . PMID 9435239. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.606 .

[8] Wang, D Y; Kumar, S; Hedges, S B. Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi.. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1999-01-22, 266 (1415): 163–171. PMC 1689654 . PMID 10097391. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0617.

[Zhao1-9] Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A; Wilde, Simon A; Sun, Min. Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent. Earth-Science Reviews. 2002, 59 (1–4): 125–162. Bibcode:2002ESRv...59..125Z. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9.

[Zhao2-10] Zhao, Guochun; Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S.Z. A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup. Earth-Science Reviews. 2004, 67 (1–2): 91–123 [2022-05-02]. Bibcode:2004ESRv...67...91Z. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003. （原始内容存档于2019-04-09）.

[11] John Parnell, Connor Brolly: Increased biomass and carbon burial 2 billion years ago triggered mountain building. Nature Communications Earth & Environment, 2021, doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00313-5 (Open Access).

[Lundqvist_2009-12] Lundqvist, Thomas. Porfyr i Sverige: En geologisk översikt. 2009: 24–27. ISBN 978-91-7158-960-6 （瑞典语）.

[13] Schilling, Manuel Enrique; Carlson, Richard Walter; Tassara, Andrés; Conceição, Rommulo Viveira; Berotto, Gustavo Walter; Vásquez, Manuel; Muñoz, Daniel; Jalowitzki, Tiago; Gervasoni, Fernanda; Morata, Diego. The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths. Precambrian Research. 2017, 294: 15–32. Bibcode:2017PreR..294...15S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.008.

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