伏尼契手稿：修订间差异
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* {{cite book|first=Robert S. |last=Brumbaugh |title=The Most Mysterious Manuscript: The Voynich 'Roger Bacon' Cipher Manuscript |location=Carbondale, IL |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1978 |isbn=0-8093-0808-8}} |
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* {{cite book|first=M. E. |last=D'Imperio |authorlink1= Mary D'Imperio |title=The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma |location=Laguna Hills, CA |publisher=Aegean Park Press |year=1978 |isbn=0-89412-038-7}} |
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* {{cite book|first=M. E. |last=D'Imperio |authorlink1= Mary D'Imperio |title=The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma |location=Fort George G. Meade, MD |publisher=National Security Agency/Central Security Service |year=1978 |oclc=50929259 | url=http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/misc/voynich_manuscript.pdf }} |
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*{{cite book | last1=Kennedy |first1=Gerry |last2=Churchill |first2=Rob | title = The Voynich Manuscript The Unsolved Riddle of an Extraordinary Book Which Has Defied Interpretation for Centuries | publisher = Orion | location = London | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-7528-5996-X }} |
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* McKenna, Terence, "The ''Voynich Manuscript''", in his ''The Archaic Revival'' (HarperSanFrancisco, 1991), pp. 172–184. |
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* {{cite book |last1=Goldstone |first1=Lawrence |last2=Goldstone |first2=Nancy |title=The Friar and the Cipher: Roger Bacon and the Unsolved Mystery of the Most Unusual Manuscript in the World |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |year=2005 |isbn=0-7679-1473-2}} |
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* {{cite book|author=William Romaine Newbold|title=The Cipher of Roger Bacon|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1928|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}} |
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* {{cite book| |
* {{cite book|first=Leo |last=Levitov |title=Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A Liturgical Manual for the Endura Rite of the Cathari Heresy, the Cult of Isis |publisher=Aegean Park Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-89412-148-0}} |
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* {{cite book| |
* {{cite book|first=Mario M. |last=Pérez-Ruiz |title=El Manuscrito Voynich |location=Barcelona |publisher=Océano Ambar |year=2003 |isbn=84-7556-216-7 |language=Spanish}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Leo Levitov|title=Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A liturgical Manual for the Endura Rite of the Cathari Heresy, the Cult of Isis|publisher=Aegean Park Press|year=1987|isbn=0-89412-148-0}} |
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* {{cite book| |
* {{cite book | last = McKenna | first = Terence | title = The Archaic Revival | publisher = HarperSanFrancisco | location = San Francisco | year = 1991 | pages=172–184 | isbn = 978-0-06-250613-9 }} |
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* {{cite book| |
* {{cite book|first=William Romaine |last=Newbold |title=The Cipher of Roger Bacon |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1928 |location=Philadelphia}} |
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* {{cite book| |
* {{cite book | last = Pelling | first = Nicholas | title = The Curse of the Voynich: The Secret History of the World's Most Mysterious Manuscript | publisher = Compelling Press | location = Surbiton, Surrey | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-9553160-0-6 }} |
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* {{cite book|title=El ABC del Manuscrito Voynich|first=Francisco |last=Violat-Bordonau|publisher=Ed. Asesores Astronómicos Cacereños |location=Cáceres, Spain |year=2006 |language=Spanish}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Voynich |first1=Wilfrid Michael |year=1921 |title=A Preliminary Sketch of the History of the Roger Bacon Cipher Manuscript |journal=Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia |volume=3 |issue=43 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tNcCAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA415&dq=%22A%20Preliminary%20Sketch%20of%20the%20History%20of%20the%20Roger%20Bacon%20Cipher%20Manuscript%22&pg=PA415#v=onepage&q&f=false |pages=415–430}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Claudio |last=Foti |title=Il Codice Voynich |location=Roma |publisher=Eremon Edizioni |year=2010 |isbn=978-88-89713-17-4 |language=Italian}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Amancio|first1=Diego R.|title=Probing the Statistical Properties of Unknown Texts: Application to the Voynich Manuscript|year=2013|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067310|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=7|pages= e67310}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Montemurro|first=Marcelo A.|coauthors=Zanette, Damián H.|title=Keywords and Co-Occurrence Patterns in the Voynich Manuscript: An Information-Theoretic Analysis|year=2013|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066344|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e66344}} |
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2014年3月31日 (一) 14:50的版本
 | 此條目需要精通或熟悉相关主题的编者参与及协助编辑。 |
伏尼契手稿，是一本內容不明的神秘書籍，共240頁，附有插图，而作者不詳。書中所用字母及語言至今无人能识别，與現代的語言完全搭不上，似乎是中古世紀煉金術士之參考書籍。書名伏尼契來自名為威尔弗雷德·伏尼契的波裔美国书商，他於1912年在義大利買下此书。2005年，这部书被耶鲁大学的贝内克珍本与手稿图书馆收藏，编号MS 408。
2011年透過放射性碳定年法檢測出其書成於十五世紀初，估計在1404-1438年間，可信度達95%。这份手稿被發現以來，專業和業餘的譯解密碼員，如第二次世界大戰期間英美頂尖解碼專家，都積極研究它，但是未能破譯出隻字片語。一連串的失敗令伏尼契手稿儼然成為密碼術历史中的「聖杯」。不過，也有不少人認為手稿只不過是個惡作劇——因為書中的符號排列全無意義可言。[1]
内容
伏尼契手稿用上等牛犊皮纸（Vellum）制成，全书大约240页，但伏尼契获得之前就已经散失了部分书页。书中的文字和素描图都是用鹅毛笔写成，图画上的彩色部分应该是后期才补上的。
例證
手稿內的插圖對於揭露書中內容未能有太大幫助，但是藉着插圖卻可以看出全書分為六個篇或章節，每篇的風格和主題各有不同。除了最後一篇全以文字寫成之外，手稿內的每頁最少都有一幅插圖。每個章節的慣用名稱詳見如下：
- 草藥：每頁顯示了一種植物（某些頁有兩種），部分段落描述了當時歐洲的典型草藥。部分插圖比「醫藥」章節的草圖更大更清晰。
- 天文：含有天體圖，其中有太陽、月亮和星辰，應與天文學或占星術相關。其中有12幅圖描繪了黃道12宮的星相（星座）標記（兩條魚代表雙魚座、一頭公牛代表 金牛座、手持弓箭的戰士代表人馬座等等）。每一符號都畫有約30個女子環繞，每個女子都捧著一顆標有名稱的星星，大部分女子是裸體的。章節最後兩頁（水瓶座和魔羯座，一月和二月的星座）已經缺失，而白羊座和金牛座的兩頁已經撕裂為4張圖，每張上各有15個星星。有些圖案是畫在可折疊的書頁上。
- 生物學：大量的文字並配有插圖。圖主要是裸體女子在水池中或盆中洗澡的樣子，這些池或盆用管子連接成網狀。其中部分可以很容易的看出像人體的器官，有些女子頭戴皇冠。
- 醫藥：很多帶標記的圖畫，如各種植物的部分如根部、葉子等等。物體都類似於藥物，在書頁旁另有文字說明。
- 配方：很多短的段落，每一個都標有一個花形或者星形的標注。
原文
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由右邊不對稱的段落推斷，文字是由左至右書寫。段落沒有明顯的標點符號。從流暢的字型及排列整齊，似乎謄寫員清楚明白自己在寫什麼，而不是落筆前故意逐字編造。
手稿含有17萬個字跡，字跡之間有窄分隔，大部分由一至兩筆寫成。一套有20至30種不同字跡的字母系統幾乎說明了整個手稿。關於某些字跡是否為個別字母存在一些爭論。部分奇怪的字母僅出現一或兩次。較闊的分隔可分辨出約3.5萬個不同長度的「詞彙」，大致符合語音學的規律，例如部分字母在每一個詞彙經常出現（正如英語的韻母）等。
統計分析發現，文稿的文字規律與自然語言類似。例如，詞彙的出現頻率符合齊夫定律，而詞彙的熵（每詞約10位元）亦與英語或拉丁語相類似。
然而，手稿的語言與歐洲語言不太相似。例如，幾乎沒有詞彙是多過10個字母，亦幾乎沒有1或2個字母的詞彙。詞彙內的字母分布獨特，有些字母僅出現在字首，有些在字尾，有些在詞彙中間，這特點與阿拉伯字母相似，但不見於拉丁字母、希臘字母或西里尔字母。詞彙的重複程度也高於一般歐洲語言。同一詞彙可能一句出現三次（相當於在英語出現and and and）。統計學上，手稿的詞彙數目相對較少。
作者推测
有不少人被推測為伏尼契手稿的原作者。這裡只是一些最知名的人物。
騙局論
有人認為伏尼契手稿只是文字顯得很複雜的騙局。但另一方面質疑如果是騙局，隨之而來的問題：作者為什麼會採用這樣一個複雜而艱苦的騙局，如果沒有一個預期的觀眾（即創作者的同時代人）？但有人認為，當初這手稿疑似被神聖羅馬帝國皇帝魯道夫二世買下，顯然作者是以精美的圖，運用卡登格(Cardan grille)填上文字來騙錢[2]。
註釋
- ^ 記者鮑蓉蓉／綜合報導,"地球上的外星書「伏尼契手稿」專家破身世之謎"[1],NOWnews 今日新聞網,2011/02/13 11:47.
- ^ 神秘語言?騙錢偽作? ---- 伏尼契手稿
延伸閱讀
- Brumbaugh, Robert S. The Most Mysterious Manuscript: The Voynich 'Roger Bacon' Cipher Manuscript. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. 1978. ISBN 0-8093-0808-8.
- D'Imperio, M. E. The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press. 1978. ISBN 0-89412-038-7.
- D'Imperio, M. E. The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma (PDF). Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency/Central Security Service. 1978. OCLC 50929259.
- Kennedy, Gerry; Churchill, Rob. The Voynich Manuscript The Unsolved Riddle of an Extraordinary Book Which Has Defied Interpretation for Centuries. London: Orion. 2004. ISBN 0-7528-5996-X.
- Goldstone, Lawrence; Goldstone, Nancy. The Friar and the Cipher: Roger Bacon and the Unsolved Mystery of the Most Unusual Manuscript in the World. New York: Doubleday. 2005. ISBN 0-7679-1473-2.
- Levitov, Leo. Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A Liturgical Manual for the Endura Rite of the Cathari Heresy, the Cult of Isis. Aegean Park Press. 1987. ISBN 0-89412-148-0.
- Pérez-Ruiz, Mario M. El Manuscrito Voynich. Barcelona: Océano Ambar. 2003. ISBN 84-7556-216-7 （Spanish）.
- Manly, John Matthews. The Most Mysterious Manuscript in the World: Did Roger Bacon Write It and Has the Key Been Found?. Harper's Monthly Magazine. July 1921, (143): 186–197.
- Manly, John Matthews. Roger Bacon and the Voynich MS. Speculum. 1931, 6 (3): 345–391. JSTOR 2848508. doi:10.2307/2848508.
- McKenna, Terence. The Archaic Revival. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. 1991: 172–184. ISBN 978-0-06-250613-9.
- Newbold, William Romaine. The Cipher of Roger Bacon. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1928.
- Pelling, Nicholas. The Curse of the Voynich: The Secret History of the World's Most Mysterious Manuscript. Surbiton, Surrey: Compelling Press. 2006. ISBN 0-9553160-0-6.
- Stojko, John. Letters to God's Eye. New York: Vantage Press. 1978. ISBN 0-533-04181-3.
- Violat-Bordonau, Francisco. El ABC del Manuscrito Voynich. Cáceres, Spain: Ed. Asesores Astronómicos Cacereños. 2006 （Spanish）.
- Voynich, Wilfrid Michael. A Preliminary Sketch of the History of the Roger Bacon Cipher Manuscript. Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 1921, 3 (43): 415–430.
- Foti, Claudio. Il Codice Voynich. Roma: Eremon Edizioni. 2010. ISBN 978-88-89713-17-4 （Italian）.
- Amancio, Diego R. Probing the Statistical Properties of Unknown Texts: Application to the Voynich Manuscript. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (7): e67310.
- Montemurro, Marcelo A.; Zanette, Damián H. Keywords and Co-Occurrence Patterns in the Voynich Manuscript: An Information-Theoretic Analysis. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (6): e66344.
外部連結
維基教科書中的相關電子教程：The Voynich Manuscript
- Voynich Manuscript From the digital collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
- René Zandbergen's introductory site about the Voynich Manuscript
- Nick Pelling's research site
- 开放式目录计划中和The Voynich Manuscript相关的内容
- Nature news article: World's most mysterious book may be a hoax A summary of Gordon Rugg's paper directed towards a more general audience
- Scientific American: The Mystery of the Voynich Manuscript
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