馬尾症候群:修订间差异

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馬尾症候群的主要治療為:{{tsl|en|laminectomy|椎板切除手術}}<ref name=Gar2011/>。若其突然發生,則被視為需要[[醫療緊急情況|緊急醫療]]的情形,需積極安排{{tsl|en|surgical decompression|減壓手術|手術解除神經壓迫}}<ref name=":1" />,若延遲治療可能導致永久的功能喪失。儘管即時獲得手術治療,也可能會留下長期的後遺症,如:膀胱障礙、性功能障礙、或感覺麻木<ref name=Gar2011/><ref name=AO2014/>。但有約20%的患者即使進行積極治療後效果仍不佳<ref name=Gar2011/>。其發生率約為每年 1/70000<ref name=Gar2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T | title = Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position | journal = European Spine Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 690–7 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21193933 | pmc = 3082683 | doi = 10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3 }}</ref>。這項疾病在1934年首次被記載<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chau AM, Xu LL, Pelzer NR, Gragnaniello C | title = Timing of surgical intervention in cauda equina syndrome: a systematic critical review | journal = World Neurosurgery | volume = 81 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 640–50 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24240024 | doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.11.007 }}</ref>。
馬尾症候群的主要治療為:{{tsl|en|laminectomy|椎板切除手術}}<ref name=Gar2011/>。若其突然發生,則被視為需要[[醫療緊急情況|緊急醫療]]的情形,需積極安排{{tsl|en|surgical decompression|減壓手術|手術解除神經壓迫}}<ref name=":1" />,若延遲治療可能導致永久的功能喪失。儘管即時獲得手術治療,也可能會留下長期的後遺症,如:膀胱障礙、性功能障礙、或感覺麻木<ref name=Gar2011/><ref name=AO2014/>。但有約20%的患者即使進行積極治療後效果仍不佳<ref name=Gar2011/>。其發生率約為每年 1/70000<ref name=Gar2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T | title = Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position | journal = European Spine Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 690–7 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21193933 | pmc = 3082683 | doi = 10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3 }}</ref>。這項疾病在1934年首次被記載<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chau AM, Xu LL, Pelzer NR, Gragnaniello C | title = Timing of surgical intervention in cauda equina syndrome: a systematic critical review | journal = World Neurosurgery | volume = 81 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 640–50 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24240024 | doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.11.007 }}</ref>。

==症狀==
[[File:Saddle anesthesia.png|thumb|黃色標記處為「鞍部麻木」(saddle anesthesia)的大致區域]]
馬尾症候群的症狀包含:
* 嚴重背痛
* {{tsl|en|Saddle anesthesia|鞍部麻木|}}(見右圖):通常涉及{{tsl|en|Sacral spinal nerve 3|薦椎第3節|}}(S3)到{{tsl|en|Sacral spinal nerve 5|薦椎第5節|第5節}}(S5)[[皮節|神經皮節]]所支配的區域<ref name=Larner2006>{{cite book| vauthors = Larner AJ |title=A Dictionary of Neurological Signs|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.|location=[New York]|isbn=9780387262147|edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|26}},包含:[[會陰|會陰部]]、[[生殖器|外生殖器]]、[[肛门|肛門]]產生感覺異常、麻木。簡單來說,就是在騎馬時會接觸馬鞍的區域會產生針刺感、麻木感,如腹股溝及大腿內側等。
* 膀胱及腸道功能失常<ref name=Kraemer2009 />{{rp|216}}:導因於逼尿肌及肛門括約肌失去張力。逼尿肌失去張力會導致尿滯留、溢流型[[尿失禁]]。可以於患者解尿後,安排{{tsl|en|bladder scan|膀胱超音波|}}掃描進行評估
* 單側或雙側[[坐骨神經痛|坐骨神經]]麻木、疼痛
* 下肢肌肉無力或癱瘓(通常為[[截瘫|截癱]])
* 雙側{{tsl|en|Ankle jerk reflex|跟腱反射|}}消失<ref name=Kraemer2009>{{cite book |last=Kraemer |title=Intervertebral disk diseases causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis|date=2009|publisher=Thieme|location=Stuttgart|isbn=9783131495617|edition=3rd }}</ref>{{rp|216}}
* [[性功能障碍|性功能障礙]]
* {{tsl|en|anal reflex|肛門反射|}}及{{tsl|en|bulbocavernosus reflex|球海綿體肌反射|}}消失
* {{tsl|en|Gait disturbance|步態障礙|}}
其中,嚴重背痛、{{tsl|en|Saddle anesthesia|鞍部麻木|}}、[[尿失禁]]、[[大便失禁]]、[[性功能障碍|性功能障礙]]為危險徵兆,必須緊急評估及處置<ref name=GARDNER2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T | title = Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position | journal = European Spine Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 690–7 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21193933 | pmc = 3082683 | doi = 10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3 }}</ref>。

== 病因 ==
位於腰椎第1節(L1)、第2節(L2)或更低位的脊髓圓錐,其脊髓腔內含一束神經纖維(也就是馬尾),這束神經纖維內涵由腰椎第1節到薦椎第5節延伸而出的神經根,並從脊髓的末端開始分支。其中,腰椎第4節到薦椎第4節的神經根會匯入薦神經叢,並往足部延伸。此區域的壓迫、創傷、其他脊髓腔傷害,皆可能導致馬尾症候群{{cn|date=October 2020}}。

在執行半身麻醉期間,於腰椎硬腦膜外注射藥物後也可能會產生暫時性的馬尾症候群症狀<ref name="Backache from Occiput to Coccyx Gerald L Burke, MD">{{Cite web|url=http://www.macdonaldpublishing.com/Chapter_8.html |title=Backache from Occiput to Coccyx| author=Gerald L Burke, MD |access-date=2014-07-23 }}</ref>。

=== 創傷 ===
直接應力的創傷可能導致馬尾症候群。其最常見的病機包含:腰椎穿刺的併發症、爆裂性骨折導致椎體的碎片往後方偏移、嚴重的[[椎間盤突出]]、脊髓麻醉時導管所造成創傷、脊髓麻醉導致馬尾周圍具高濃度麻醉藥、及{{tsl|en|penetrating trauma|穿刺傷害|}}如刀傷或[[槍傷]]等<ref name="emed">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cauda_equina_syndrome/article_em.htm#Cauda%20Equina%20Syndrome%20Causes |title=Cauda Equina Syndrome Causes |work=Cauda Equina Syndrome |first=Jason C |last=Eck | name-list-style = vanc |publisher={{tsl|en|WebMD||WebMD}} |access-date=25 April 2009 |date=11 May 2007}}</ref>。

=== 椎管狹窄 ===
馬尾症候群可能導因於{{tsl|en|lumbar spinal stenosis|腰椎椎管狹窄|}}。其可能導因於脊椎退化(如[[骨关节炎|骨關節炎]])、先天性異常、或嚴重的[[脊椎滑脫]]<ref name="emed"/>。

=== 發炎 ===
脊椎慢性發炎可能導致椎管狹窄,進而導致馬尾症候群。相關原因包含:{{tsl|en|Paget's disease of bone|骨骼柏哲德氏症|柏哲德氏症}}(Paget disease)、{{tsl|en|neurosarcoidosis|神經結節病|}}(neurosarcoidosis)、{{tsl|en|chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy|慢性發炎性去髓鞘性多發性神經炎|}}(CIDP)、[[强直性脊柱炎|僵直性脊椎炎]]、脊髓風濕免疫疾病、急慢性肺結核感染等<ref name="emed"/>。

== 風險因子 ==
好發[[椎间盘脱出症|椎間盤突出症]]的族群,亦是馬尾症候群最高風險的族群,因此女性、中年人、搬重物、肥胖都是風險因子<ref name="Schoenfeld2012">
{{cite journal |vauthors=Schoenfeld AJ, Bader JO |date=September 2012 |title=Cauda equina syndrome: an analysis of incidence rates and risk factors among a closed North American military population |journal=Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery |volume=114 |issue=7 |pages=947–50 |doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.02.012 |pmid=22402198 |s2cid=2629460}}</ref><ref name="Small2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Small SA, Perron AD, Brady WJ |date=March 2005 |title=Orthopedic pitfalls: cauda equina syndrome |journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=159–63 |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2004.03.006 |pmid=15765336}}</ref><ref name="risk">{{cite journal | vauthors = Long B, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M | title = Evaluation and management of cauda equina syndrome in the emergency department | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–148 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31471075 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.158402 | doi-access = free }}</ref>。種族的影響不大,但有報告指出非裔美國人的發生率較其他族群略低<ref name=Schoenfeld2012/><ref name="Radcliff2011">
{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Radcliff KE, Kepler CK, Delasotta LA, Rihn JA, Harrop JS, Hilibrand AS, Albert TJ, Vaccaro AR |date=September 2011 |title=Current management review of thoracolumbar cord syndromes |journal=The Spine Journal |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=884–92 |doi=10.1016/j.spinee.2011.07.022 |pmid=21889419}}</ref><ref name=Small2005/>。

==診斷==
[[File:MRI of the lumbar spine with abscess in the posterior epidural space, causing cauda equina syndrome.jpg|thumb|MRI發現脊髓膿瘍所導致的馬尾症候群]]

臨床病史和理學檢查可提供初步診斷的依據,確診則必須透過[[磁共振成像|核磁共振]](MRI)或[[電腦斷層掃描]]等醫學影像進行<ref name=":1" />。在進行MRI之前,可以透過膀胱超音波來檢視患者是否有尿滯留。另外在插入尿管時若患者沒有感覺,也可能可以加強馬尾症候群的診斷{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}。

理學檢查時應著重在痛覺的定位。使用針刺測試時,腰椎神經支配的區域(腿部)會麻木,但會陰神經支配的區域仍有完整的痛覺。上述表現暗示硬膜內、脊髓膜外的病變。若脊髓遭結核菌感染,則可能會出現下述症狀的三聚體,包含:下肢癱瘓、腰椎神經支配區域失去痛覺、會陰神經支配區域感覺異常{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}。在急性發作的病患,儘早接受手術介入是相當重要<ref name=":1" />。

==預防==
Early diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome can allow for preventive treatment. Signs that allow early diagnosis include changes in bowel and bladder function and loss of feeling in groin.<ref name="emed2">{{cite web |title=Prevention |work=Cauda Equina Syndrome|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cauda_equina_syndrome/page10_em.htm#Prevention |last=Eck |first=Jason C | name-list-style = vanc |publisher={{tsl|en|WebMD||WebMD}}|access-date=25 April 2009 |date=11 May 2007}}</ref> Changes in sensation can start as pins and needles leading to numbness. Changes in bladder function may be changes to stream or inability to fully empty the bladder. If a person progresses to full retention intervention is less likely to be successful.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==治療==
若患者確診為馬尾症候群,通常建議進行手術減壓。若馬尾症候群導因於椎間盤突出,則建議儘早安排手術減壓<ref name="herniation">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahn UM, Ahn NU, Buchowski JM, Garrett ES, Sieber AN, Kostuik JP | title = Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes | journal = Spine | volume = 25 | issue = 12 | pages = 1515–22 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10851100 | doi = 10.1097/00007632-200006150-00010 | s2cid = 46674147 }}</ref>。

突發性馬尾症候群通常建議及早介入,算是緊急手術的適應症<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shapiro S | title = Medical realities of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation | journal = Spine | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–51; discussion 352 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10703108 | doi = 10.1097/00007632-200002010-00015 | s2cid = 44975909 }}</ref>。若其症狀導因於一些壓迫性的病灶,如:椎間盤破損、腦膜上膿瘍、腫瘤、或血腫等,則可以在症狀出現後6<ref name="timelimit6hours">{{cite web |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249203-overview |title=Neurosurgery for Cauda Equina Syndrome |date=November 11, 2013 |publisher={{tsl|en|Medscape||Medscape}} |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>、24<ref name="timelimit24hours2">{{cite web |url=http://www.cjem-online.ca/v3/n4/p285 |title=Delayed presentation of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation: functional outcomes and health-related quality of life |date=July 10, 2001 |publisher={{tsl|en|Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians||Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians}} |access-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321003526/http://www.cjem-online.ca/v3/n4/p285 |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref>、或48小時內,安排椎板切除術、或其他手術減壓術式<ref name="herniation"/><ref name="timelimit24hours2"/>。早期介入可以顯著降低患者永久傷害的風險。

手術時可能需要移除血液、骨頭碎片、腫瘤、突出的椎間盤、或異常的骨頭增生。若腫瘤無法被手術移除,且腫瘤為惡性,則可以安排放射治療、或化學治療作為替代的減壓方法。若症狀的成因為發炎性病因,如:僵直性脊椎炎等,則可以給予類固醇等抗發炎藥物。若成因為病毒感染,則應給予適當的抗生素療程<ref name="EMIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Cauda-Equina-Syndrome.htm |title=Cauda Equina Syndrome |last=Tidy |first=Colin | name-list-style = vanc |date=16 Nov 2009 |publisher={{tsl|en|Egton Medical Information Systems||Egton Medical Information Systems}} |access-date=11 January 2010}}</ref>。

懷孕可能因加劇腰椎的椎間盤突出而導致馬尾症候群,高齡產婦的風險更高。懷孕時也可以進行手術,且並不會負面的影響治療效果。無論懷孕的任何一個階段,都可以且應該進行馬尾症候群的治療<ref name="pregnancy">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown MD, Levi AD | title = Surgery for lumbar disc herniation during pregnancy | journal = Spine | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 440–3 | date = February 2001 | pmid = 11224893 | doi = 10.1097/00007632-200102150-00022 | s2cid = 31698755 }}</ref>。

在治療後,患者的生活型態可能必須做出相對應的調整。針對下肢功能、腸道功能,及膀胱功能受到損傷的病人,可能須安排物理治療或職能治療。肥胖的患者可能也必須減重<ref name="EMIS"/>。

=== 腸道及膀胱控制 ===
馬尾症候群的復健計畫會根據傷害的嚴重程度而有所不同。有一些長期的傷害可能會影響腸道及膀胱的控制<ref name="Bladdder_Bowel">{{cite web|title=Cauda Equina|url=https://www.bladderandbowelfoundation.org/cauda-equina-2/|website=Cauda equina - Bladder and Bowel Community|publisher=Bladder and Bowel Support Company Limited|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116182620/https://www.bladderandbowelfoundation.org/cauda-equina-2/|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>。當手術完成後,患者須平躺休息,直到腸道及膀胱功能可以被評估為止。[[导尿管|導尿管]]置入及引流可以幫助膀胱控制。適度活動、重力姿勢、及骨盆底運動([[凱格爾運動]])可以幫助控制[[排便]]{{full citation needed|date=May 2013}}。上述活動可以在躺著、站著、或跪地爬行姿勢下完成。膀胱及腸道功能的完整恢復,可能需要長達兩年的時間{{cn|date=October 2020}}。

== 動物 ==
狗的{{tsl|en|Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis|退化性腰薦椎狹窄|}} (DLSS),又稱為馬尾症候群,是一種腰薦椎的退化性疾病,會影響關節、神經、軟組織、及椎間盤的關節連接<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Danielsson F, Sjöström L | title = Surgical treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs | journal = Veterinary Surgery | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–8 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10100762 | doi = 10.1053/jvet.1999.0091 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeffery ND, Barker A, Harcourt-Brown T | title = What progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs during the past 30 years? | journal = Veterinary Journal | volume = 201 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–14 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24878265 | doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.018 }}</ref>。這種退化過程,最終會導致脊髓末端位於馬尾區域的軟組織及神經根遭受壓迫,並導致腰椎神經的疼痛<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Giudice E, Crinò C, Barillaro G, Crupi R, Macrì F, Viganò F, Di Pietro S |date=2019-09-01|title=Clinical findings in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in ten dogs—A pilot study on the analgesic activity of tramadol and gabapentin|journal=Journal of Veterinary Behavior|volume=33|pages=7–15|doi=10.1016/j.jveb.2019.05.004|issn=1558-7878}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meij BP, Bergknut N | title = Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs | language = English | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice | volume = 40 | issue = 5 | pages = 983–1009 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20732601 | doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.05.006 | url = https://www.vetsmall.theclinics.com/article/S0195-5616(10)00064-1/abstract }}</ref>。


== 參考文獻 ==
== 參考文獻 ==

2022年7月12日 (二) 17:39的版本

馬尾症候群
馬尾英语cauda equina始於脊髓末端
症状下背痛坐骨神經痛、肛門周圍麻木、腸胃道或膀胱調節困難[1]
常見始發於急性或慢性[1]
肇因椎间盘脱出症椎管狹窄癌症重大創傷硬膜外膿瘍英语epidural abscess硬膜外血腫英语epidural hematoma[1][2]
診斷方法醫學影像MRI電腦斷層[1][3]
治療外科手術(椎板切除術英语laminectomy[1]
预后有20%機會預後不佳
盛行率每年 1/500,000 的機會
分类和外部资源
醫學專科神經外科骨科
ICD-118B40
ICD-9-CM344.6
DiseasesDB31115
eMedicine1148690
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

馬尾症候群(Cauda equina syndrome,CES)是脊髓末端以下的馬尾英语cauda equina神經叢損傷[2],其症狀及病徵包含:下背痛、輻射至腿部的疼痛(坐骨神經痛)、肛門周圍麻木、膀胱或腸道失去控制[1]。其發作時間可能突然發生,也可能漸進性惡化[1]

常見主要成因為下背椎間盤突出。其他成因包含椎管狹窄癌症創傷硬腦膜上膿瘍英语epidural abscess、及硬腦膜上血腫英语epidural hematoma[1][2]。其診斷方式主要根據症狀,確診方式為醫學影像,如核磁共振(MRI)、或電腦斷層掃描[1][3]

馬尾症候群的主要治療為:椎板切除手術英语laminectomy[1]。若其突然發生,則被視為需要緊急醫療的情形,需積極安排手術解除神經壓迫英语surgical decompression[4],若延遲治療可能導致永久的功能喪失。儘管即時獲得手術治療,也可能會留下長期的後遺症,如:膀胱障礙、性功能障礙、或感覺麻木[1][3]。但有約20%的患者即使進行積極治療後效果仍不佳[1]。其發生率約為每年 1/70000[1]。這項疾病在1934年首次被記載[5]

症狀

黃色標記處為「鞍部麻木」(saddle anesthesia)的大致區域

馬尾症候群的症狀包含:

其中,嚴重背痛、鞍部麻木英语Saddle anesthesia尿失禁大便失禁性功能障礙為危險徵兆,必須緊急評估及處置[8]

病因

位於腰椎第1節(L1)、第2節(L2)或更低位的脊髓圓錐,其脊髓腔內含一束神經纖維(也就是馬尾),這束神經纖維內涵由腰椎第1節到薦椎第5節延伸而出的神經根,並從脊髓的末端開始分支。其中,腰椎第4節到薦椎第4節的神經根會匯入薦神經叢,並往足部延伸。此區域的壓迫、創傷、其他脊髓腔傷害,皆可能導致馬尾症候群[來源請求]

在執行半身麻醉期間,於腰椎硬腦膜外注射藥物後也可能會產生暫時性的馬尾症候群症狀[9]

創傷

直接應力的創傷可能導致馬尾症候群。其最常見的病機包含:腰椎穿刺的併發症、爆裂性骨折導致椎體的碎片往後方偏移、嚴重的椎間盤突出、脊髓麻醉時導管所造成創傷、脊髓麻醉導致馬尾周圍具高濃度麻醉藥、及穿刺傷害英语penetrating trauma如刀傷或槍傷[10]

椎管狹窄

馬尾症候群可能導因於腰椎椎管狹窄英语lumbar spinal stenosis。其可能導因於脊椎退化(如骨關節炎)、先天性異常、或嚴重的脊椎滑脫[10]

發炎

脊椎慢性發炎可能導致椎管狹窄,進而導致馬尾症候群。相關原因包含:柏哲德氏症英语Paget's disease of bone(Paget disease)、神經結節病英语neurosarcoidosis(neurosarcoidosis)、慢性發炎性去髓鞘性多發性神經炎英语chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy(CIDP)、僵直性脊椎炎、脊髓風濕免疫疾病、急慢性肺結核感染等[10]

風險因子

好發椎間盤突出症的族群,亦是馬尾症候群最高風險的族群,因此女性、中年人、搬重物、肥胖都是風險因子[11][12][13]。種族的影響不大,但有報告指出非裔美國人的發生率較其他族群略低[11][14][12]

診斷

MRI發現脊髓膿瘍所導致的馬尾症候群

臨床病史和理學檢查可提供初步診斷的依據,確診則必須透過核磁共振(MRI)或電腦斷層掃描等醫學影像進行[4]。在進行MRI之前,可以透過膀胱超音波來檢視患者是否有尿滯留。另外在插入尿管時若患者沒有感覺,也可能可以加強馬尾症候群的診斷[來源請求]

理學檢查時應著重在痛覺的定位。使用針刺測試時,腰椎神經支配的區域(腿部)會麻木,但會陰神經支配的區域仍有完整的痛覺。上述表現暗示硬膜內、脊髓膜外的病變。若脊髓遭結核菌感染,則可能會出現下述症狀的三聚體,包含:下肢癱瘓、腰椎神經支配區域失去痛覺、會陰神經支配區域感覺異常[來源請求]。在急性發作的病患,儘早接受手術介入是相當重要[4]

預防

Early diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome can allow for preventive treatment. Signs that allow early diagnosis include changes in bowel and bladder function and loss of feeling in groin.[15] Changes in sensation can start as pins and needles leading to numbness. Changes in bladder function may be changes to stream or inability to fully empty the bladder. If a person progresses to full retention intervention is less likely to be successful.[來源請求]

治療

若患者確診為馬尾症候群,通常建議進行手術減壓。若馬尾症候群導因於椎間盤突出,則建議儘早安排手術減壓[16]

突發性馬尾症候群通常建議及早介入,算是緊急手術的適應症[4]。若其症狀導因於一些壓迫性的病灶,如:椎間盤破損、腦膜上膿瘍、腫瘤、或血腫等,則可以在症狀出現後6[17]、24[18]、或48小時內,安排椎板切除術、或其他手術減壓術式[16][18]。早期介入可以顯著降低患者永久傷害的風險。

手術時可能需要移除血液、骨頭碎片、腫瘤、突出的椎間盤、或異常的骨頭增生。若腫瘤無法被手術移除,且腫瘤為惡性,則可以安排放射治療、或化學治療作為替代的減壓方法。若症狀的成因為發炎性病因,如:僵直性脊椎炎等,則可以給予類固醇等抗發炎藥物。若成因為病毒感染,則應給予適當的抗生素療程[19]

懷孕可能因加劇腰椎的椎間盤突出而導致馬尾症候群,高齡產婦的風險更高。懷孕時也可以進行手術,且並不會負面的影響治療效果。無論懷孕的任何一個階段,都可以且應該進行馬尾症候群的治療[20]

在治療後,患者的生活型態可能必須做出相對應的調整。針對下肢功能、腸道功能,及膀胱功能受到損傷的病人,可能須安排物理治療或職能治療。肥胖的患者可能也必須減重[19]

腸道及膀胱控制

馬尾症候群的復健計畫會根據傷害的嚴重程度而有所不同。有一些長期的傷害可能會影響腸道及膀胱的控制[21]。當手術完成後,患者須平躺休息,直到腸道及膀胱功能可以被評估為止。導尿管置入及引流可以幫助膀胱控制。適度活動、重力姿勢、及骨盆底運動(凱格爾運動)可以幫助控制排便[需要完整来源]。上述活動可以在躺著、站著、或跪地爬行姿勢下完成。膀胱及腸道功能的完整恢復,可能需要長達兩年的時間[來源請求]

動物

狗的退化性腰薦椎狹窄英语Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS),又稱為馬尾症候群,是一種腰薦椎的退化性疾病,會影響關節、神經、軟組織、及椎間盤的關節連接[22][23]。這種退化過程,最終會導致脊髓末端位於馬尾區域的軟組織及神經根遭受壓迫,並導致腰椎神經的疼痛[24][25]

參考文獻

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外部連結